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Neurobiology (3350) > Lecture 15 - Chemical Control of the Brain > Flashcards

Lecture 15 - Chemical Control of the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What are the patterns of communication in the nervous system?

A
  • Neuron- neuron (point-point)
  • Through the hypothalamus
  • Through the ANS
  • Through the modulatory neurotransmitter system
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2
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

is below the thalamus but above the optic chasm

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3
Q

Three principal subdivisions of the hypothalamus

A
  1. Periventricular zone
  2. Median zone
  3. Lateral zone
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4
Q

Describe the periventricular zone

A
  • Contours the 3rd ventricle
  • Neurosecretory neurons (projects to posterior pituitary): Secretes vasopressin, oxytocin, CRH
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5
Q

Describe the median and lateral zone

A
  • Control the ANS
  • Thirst/feeling
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6
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A
  • Integrates visceral and emotional information (Links emotion to basic body function)
  • Acts on: pituitary (hormone release) and ANS
  • Regulates: Metabolic (homeostasis- liver, feeding, intestine), behaviour, sleep-wake cycle
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7
Q

The hypothalamus coordinates behavioural, autonomic, and neuroendocrine responses to regulate what ?

A
  • Body temperature,
  • blood pressure & composition,
  • defensive behaviour,
  • energetic metabolism,
  • reproductive behaviour and
  • sleep-wake cycle & alertness
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8
Q

What does the hypothalamus control at cold and warm temperatures

A
  • Cold temperatures: shivering & goose bumps
  • warm temperatures: sweating and flusing
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9
Q

In negative feedback the body responds to an extreme condition by doing what?

A

reversing the current direction of change, to keep the internal conditions within a normal range

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10
Q

What is another name for the posterior lobe?

A

neurohypophysis

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11
Q

Describe magnocellular secretory neurons

A
  • Part of posterior lobe of pituitary gland
  • Nerve terminals secrete vasopressin and oxytocin into bloodflow
  • Only one network of capillaries
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12
Q

Describe oxytocin

A
  • Secreted during the final stage of childbirth to cause the uterus to contract and facilitate delivery.
  • Controls reproductive (mating) behavior…at least for the prairie vole.
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13
Q

How is oxytocin triggered?

A
  • Triggered by sensory stimulation (somatic, like nipple sucking, visual and auditory like crying baby) to induce lactation.
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14
Q

What is the letdown reflex?

A

When a sensory stimuli reach cortex, tthe cortex stimulate hypothalamus release oxytocin

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15
Q

What is another name for vasopressin?

A

anti-diuretic hormone

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16
Q

What is the role of Vasopressin?

A

activates the kidney to secrete renin into the blood stream.

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17
Q

What happens in the posterior lobe Under conditions of lowered blood volume or pressure

A

salt-concentration sensitive hypothalamic (vasopressin-containing) neurons are activated and secrete vasopressin to the blood stream.

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18
Q

What is renin?

A

an enzyme that cleaves and produces Angiotensin II

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19
Q

What is the role of angiotensin ll

A
  • acts on kidney & blood vessels to increase water retention & blood pressure. (create or remove thirst feeling)
  • acts on the Subfornical organ in the telencenphalon
20
Q

Describe the pathway in which vasopressin acts to motivate drinking behavior in the posterior lobe

A
  1. Under conditions of lowered blood volume or pressure, vasopressin is released into bloodstream
  2. Vasopressin activates kidney to secrete renin
  3. Renin cleaves and makes angiotensin 2
  4. Angiotensin 2 increase water retention and bp
  5. Leading to drinking behavior
21
Q

What is another name for the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

adenohypophysis

22
Q

What is a key difference between the anterior and posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

Posterior - uses one network of capillaries
Anterior- uses two network of capillaries

23
Q

The secretory cells of which lobe of the pituitary gland that secrete hormones into blood flow?

A

Anterior lobe

24
Q

How do parvocellular nerve terminals act to promote secretion?

A

act indirectly to promote secretion ACTH that exerts function to the whole body.

25
Q

What are the 2 hormones used in anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A
  • ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone
  • CRH - corticotrophin release hormone
26
Q

Explain the anatomy of pituitary anterior lobe.

A
  1. Hormone transport in axons from Parvocellular neurosecretory cells to release CRH in the hypophysiotropic space
  2. Hormone transport in blood causeing the stimulation or inhibition of anterior pituitary ACTH release
  3. More hormone transport in blood causing an action on organs of the body
27
Q

What is the function of ACTH

A

produced from anterior pituitary gland cell that goes through the circulation to activate/regulate the body function

28
Q

What is the role of CRH?

A
  • Regulate the cell that sit in the bottom part of the pituitary gland cell and secretes ACTH
  • activates anterior pituitary gland to release ACTH that goes through bloodstream and activates the adrenal gland to secrete glucocorticoid/cortisol
29
Q

What is Glucocorticoid

A

mobilizes energy to be ready for fight or flight; suppresses immune system.

30
Q

What happens to the HPA in response to stress?

A
  1. CRH activates from the hypothalamus
  2. CRH stimulates secretion of ACTH by pituitary gland
  3. ACTH goes in bloodstream and induces adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoid
31
Q

What is the difference between a short stress response and a long stress response

A
  • Short - activated by sympathetic nervous system
  • Long - activated by HPA axis
32
Q

What changes occur to your body in a short-term stress response?

A
  • Increased blood glucose
  • Increased bp
  • Increased breathing rate
  • Increased metabolic rate
  • Change in blood flow patterns
33
Q

What changes occur to your body in a long-term stress response?

A
  • Na+ ions and water by kidneys
  • Increased blood volume & bp
  • conversion of proteins and fats to glucose
  • immuse system suppressed
34
Q

Describe the pathway of a short-term stress response.

A
  1. nerve signals go through spinal cord
  2. Adrenal medulla secrete epinephrine and Norepinephrine
35
Q

Describe the pathway of a long-term stress response.

A
  1. hypothalamus response to stress
  2. Release of CRH to anterior pituitary
  3. Release of ACTH to adrenal cortex through blood vessels
  4. Release of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids
36
Q

What happened to Neurons in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of baboons during a sress response?

A
  • shrink the length of their dendrites and the number of dendritic spines
  • Affects reasoning and memory formation
37
Q

What happened to Neurons in the amygdal and orbitofrontal cortexbaboons during a sress response?

A
  • lengthen their dendrites and increase dendritic spines
  • Affects response to stress and fear, and agression levels
38
Q

What is the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons?

A

Parasympathetic cell and ganglion are closer to muscles than sympathetic

39
Q

What is the difference between the somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

A
  • Somatic nervous system is a single step to the skeletal muslce
  • autonomic nervous system is two steps to the muscle
40
Q

Describe PREGANGLIONIC FIBERS

A
  • Axons of preganglionic neurons
  • Leave CNS and synapse on ganglionic neurons
41
Q

Describe POSTGANGLIONIC FIBERS

A
  • Axons of ganglionic neurons
  • Begin at autonomic ganglia:
  • Extend to peripheral target organs
42
Q

Describe the sympathetic division

A
  • Readies body for crisis (fight or flight)
  • relatively short term to the HPA axis!

Increase in sympathetic activity:

  • stimulates tissue metabolism
  • increases alertness
43
Q

Describe the parasympathetic division

A
  • Controls during resting conditions
  • Allows for “quiet functions” (e.g. digestion, defecation, etc.)
  • Parasympathetic division stimulates visceral activity
  • Conserves energy and promotes sedentary activities
44
Q

Which system does the parasympathetic and sympathetic division use?

A
  • sympathetic - ACH and NE
  • Parasympathetic - ACH
45
Q

Describe the adrenal medulla

A
  • Like a modified sympathetic ganglion
  • Release epinephrine into blood stream in response to preganglionic sympathetic innervation
46
Q

Describe the pharmacological similarities of the sympathetic and parasympathetic division

A
  • Same Preganglionic Neurotransmitter: acetylcholine
  • act on nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (ionotropic), fast EPSP
47
Q

Describe the pharmacological differences of the sympathetic and parasympathetic division

A

Sympathetic

  • Most (but not all) release norepinephrine (NE)
  • Binds to alpha and beta adrenergic receptors
  • All G-protein

Parasympathetic

  • Release acetylcholine
  • Binds to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (G-protein coupled), slow EPSP and IPSPs; requires usually prolonged activation
  • Local effect

Neurobiology (3350) (8 decks)

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