Lecture 15

Question 1

Evolution

Answer 1

Changes that take place in a species over time.
Genes and environmental conditions determine survival and reproduction.
Mutation is random part of evolution.

Question 2

Natural selection

Answer 2

Some individuals are better adapted to an environment, so more likely to pass genes to the next generation. Driving force of evolution. Not random.

Question 3

Micro evolution

Answer 3

Change over time within a species.

Question 4

Macro evolution

Answer 4

New species evolve (speciation), often after separation into different environments.

Question 5

Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace

Answer 5

Each came up with natural selection theory separately.

Question 6

Charles Darwin

Answer 6

Sailed from England and found finches on Galapagos Islands.

Artificial selection.

Question 7

Species range

Answer 7

Area where a species is found.
Range determined by where species can get to and if it can survive there.
Humans = wide range (global), specific plant species = limited range.

Question 8

Dispersal

Answer 8

Ability to move to new area.
Barriers are geographic obstacles to dispersal.
Plants; seeds blown by wind or just drop, float in water.
Animals; walk, fly, swim.

Question 9

Adaption

Answer 9

Species evolve by becoming better adapted to surroundings.

Question 10

Biotic adaption

Answer 10

Adapting to other species/living things.

Question 11

Biotic factors

Answer 11

Interaction with other species, competition, and predation.

Question 12

Abiotic adaption

Answer 12

Adapting to non-living environment, like temperature, water, topography. Migrating.

Question 13

Limiting factor

Answer 13

If one factor determines the species range.

Question 14

Ecology

Answer 14

Study of organisms and how they interact with one another and with the physical environment.

Question 15

Ecosystem

Answer 15

Organisms and physical environment of a particular area. (Tropical rainforest, desert, grassland, pond).

Question 16

Energy

Answer 16

Begins as insolation. Producers (plants) covert sunlight into sugars (photosynthesis). Primary consumers eat plants. Secondary consumers eat primary consumers. Secondary consumers get eaten by tertiary consumers. Decomposers eat dead at all levels.
10% of energy goes to next level, 90% used for respiration.

Question 17

Biogeochemical cycles

Answer 17

Carbon cycles (air to plants, plants to animals, plants/animals to decomposers, plants/animals/decomposers to air by respiration, some remains in soil).
Nitrogen cycle (N in atmosphere not useful for life. N fixing bacteria found on roots of certain plants, convert N to useable forms in soils. Plants get N from soil. Animals eat plants. Etc. Released to atmosphere in decomposition).

Question 18

Biodiversity

Answer 18

Number of species in an area.

Question 19

Introduced species

Answer 19

Intentional and unintentional.