Lecture 15

Question 1

define habitat use:

Answer 1

what habitat the animal is using

Question 2

draw the graph of the preservationist paradigm

Answer 2

Question 3

How are bison a keystone in tall grass prairie?

Answer 3

They have a noticeable impact on other spcies. Bison have a big influence on the landscape compared to their size and weight.

Question 4

what is a major goal of cobservation grazing?

Answer 4

to increae heterogenity or natural variabiity in structure composition and function

Question 5

herbivore numbers were variable in ——– and ———

Answer 5

time and space

Question 6

How do we manage remnant patches?

Answer 6

restoring or maintaining a variety of disturbances within the HRV by re-introducing/promoting native grazers.

Question 7

Factors modifying the effects of grazrs

Answer 7

1. types of grsazers
2. timing of grazing
3. intensity of grazing
4. animal density
5. duration of grazing
6. other disturbances like fire
7. animals respid to charactersitics of landscaoe
8. frequency
9. all possible interactions

Question 8

Conservation grazing

Answer 8

Re-introducing and or maintaining herbivory as a process within a historic ad ecological content with the goal of sustaining landscapes, ecosystems and their constituents.

Question 9

dsraw the ecological paradigm

Answer 9

Question 10

what are some of the effects graxing has on landscape heterogenity and biodiversity?

Answer 10

1. animals alter the structure and contrast of communities
2. animals alter competitive relations in communities

3, animals remove, process and relocate materials

4. animals alter nutrient cycling
5. animals alter reproductive output

6, alter plant establishment and mortality

7. alter energy capture and flow
8. alter physical properties of soils
9. animals alter hydrologic cycle
10. animals ater the micro-environment

Question 11

what are the direct effects of bison on patterns and processes in tallgrass prairie?

Answer 11

grze grasses, removing biomass, removing and relocating biomass on the landscae, wallowing and horning (chronic direct effect on landscape), when they die they directly impact the places they die.

Question 12

what are 5 key factors to consider when managing remnant patches?

Answer 12

1. size 2. isolation 3. human impacts 4. altered natural disturbance regime 5. ecological lag

Question 13

how do bison play a role as a grazer?

Answer 13

Bison increase habitat heterogeneity and alter a broad array of plant, community, and ecosystem processes.

Question 14

stocking density:

Answer 14

the number of animals on a given area of land at any moment in time

Question 15

habitat selection

Answer 15

the habitat the animal is using given the habitat types that are available for them to use, basically what theyre preference is

Question 16

why did the bison population decline from 30 million to hundreds of thousand?

Answer 16

European stelleers wanted to destory the indigenous people’s way of life, this was kind of an inderict way of doing that. Hunting for pelts and feed for armies. Agriculture, resulted in reduction of their habitat and railroads! People wouldliterally shoot them off the train!

Question 17

draw the graph for agriculture paradigm

Answer 17

Question 18

what is a state and space model?

Answer 18

relative disturbance extent with the time needed for landscapes and ecosystems to recover after disturbance. Essentially scaling things to the proper scale so we do not cause harm,

Question 19

what are 5 things animals respond to on the landscape?

Answer 19

1. topography
2. amount of cover
3. matrix
4. presence of roafs
5. other animals

Question 20

describe the preservation paradogm:

Answer 20

disturbances are detrimental to biodiversity and therefore grazing is bad!

Question 21

Describe the agriculture paradigm

Answer 21

grazing is a value addedprocess but the primary consideraionis economic and secodary is landscapes and biodviersity. The goal was uniformity and reduce variability.

Question 22

what factors influence the spatial and temporal patterns of grazing activities by bison?

Answer 22

More bruned areas tend to have more grass and bison like grass, and it is often more pallitble. Bison prefer open grass compared to forest so the land scape infleunces the grazing acitivites of the bison too.

Question 23

do you think that domestic livestock could be used to fulfull the role of bison in the prairie landscape? why or why not?

Answer 23

If you manage cows right they can mimic somewhat the effects bison have but not the same since size and behaviour of cows and bison are different. Basically, cows can do some of it but if given the choice I would choose bison. But if you can’t have bison, having some grazing is better than none.

Question 24

grazing alters landscape what?

Answer 24

composition, structure and functioning at many scales

Question 25

You have a 320 acre mixed grassland prairie remnant. Following a grazing event, it take the grassland 4 years to fully recover to it’s pre-disturbance state. Which of the following prescribed management approaches would create a diverse mosaic of habitats ideal for the grassland vegetation and animals?

a) Grazing 5 acres every 2 years
b) Grazing 10 acres every 12 years
c) Grazing 80 acres every 3 years
d) Grazing 160 acres every year

Answer 25

It is C

Question 26

what is the goa of ecological paradigm?

Answer 26

goal is shifting heteregoenous mosaic varying in structure, composition and function. Full range of grazing natural variability

Question 27

what does bison wallowing to?

Answer 27

compacts soil and causes water retention an can create mini wetlands and oasis on the prairie that help at least 12 other species.

Question 28

define habitat preference:

Answer 28

givn an unlimited choice of options what would the animal choose? the area that is ideal and prefered by them

Question 29

draw the state and space model graph

Answer 29

Question 30

which is better for controlling leafy spurge to help grow hairy praiie closver?

Answer 30

goats! Sheep also eat leafy spurge but they also love hair prairie clover.

Question 31

dsecribe ecological paradigm

Answer 31

conservation grazing focuses on grazing as a process and the primary consideration is to sustain or enhance landscaes, ecosystems and biodviersity. Secondary is economics.

Question 32

what are some indirect effects bioson have on the patterns and processes of tall grass prairie?

Answer 32

1. create patches by grazing 2. allow for more diverse species offorbs and other plant species on the landscape 3. effect nutrient cycle with feces and urine 4. wallows can create wet lands 5. Can also direct fire! You will have more intense fire where they have not been grazing.