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ENHS Exam 3 > Lecture 15-16: Toxicology Terms > Flashcards

Lecture 15-16: Toxicology Terms Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of toxicology?

A

The study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms. The Science of Poisons.

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2
Q

What is the first written record of toxicology?

A

Ebers Papyrus

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3
Q

What is Lex Cornalia ?

A

law passed in early Rome making it illegal to poison some one.

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4
Q

Who was one of the founders of toxicology that provided the dose response relationship?

A

Paraselsus

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5
Q

In the 1800s, he authored a number of significant works, among them Trait des poisons , who is this?

A

Martieu Orfila

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6
Q

field of toxicology that focuses on describing how a toxic substance affects health and well-being.

A

Descriptive toxicology

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7
Q

Mechanistic Toxicology

A
  • field of toxicology that focuses on describing the physiological mechanism of action for a toxic substance
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8
Q

What is regulatory toxicology?

A

field of toxicology that focuses on international, federal and state regulations for a toxic substance.

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9
Q

What is forensic toxicology?

A

field of toxicology that focuses on describing how a toxic substance may be involved in the death or injury of an individual.

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10
Q

What is clinical toxicology?

A

field of toxicology that focuses on describing how a chemical substance may be potentially used as a drug to help mankind

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11
Q

What is enviromental toxicology?

A

examines how environmental exposures to chemical pollutants may present risks to biological organisms, particularly animals, birds, and fish as well as mammals including man.

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12
Q

What is harber’s law?

A

Effect= dose x time

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13
Q

What is LC50 and LD50?

A

Lethal Concentration (pollutant) or Lethal Dose (Drug) that kills 50% of the test animals in an acute toxicity test

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14
Q

What is EC50 and ED50?

A

Effective Concentration (pollutant) or Effective Dose (Drug) that may cause an adverse effect other than death in 50% of the test animals in an acute toxicity test

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15
Q

What is NOEC?

A

the concentration of a toxic substance at which no harm or mortality is observed in an acute toxicity test. Concentrations > NOEC are harmfuls.

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16
Q

What is LOEC?

A

the initial concentration of a toxic substance at which harm or mortality is observed in an acute toxicity test. This the “Threshold” for toxicity or harm

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17
Q

Define the term “ poisons”

A

any agent capable of producing a deleterious response in a biological system.

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18
Q

What are toxicants?

A

Toxic substances that are man-made or result from human (anthropogenic) activity (e.g. most toxic = Dioxin

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19
Q

What are toxins?

A

Toxic substances made by living organisms including reptiles, insects, plants and microorganisms (e.g. most toxic = Botulinum)

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20
Q

What are local effects?

A

damage at the site where a chemical first comes into contact with the body.

21
Q

What are systemic effects?

A

generalized distribution of the chemical throughout the body by the bloodstream to internal organs.

22
Q

What are target organ effects?

A

some chemicals may confine their effects to specific organs.

23
Q

What are critical organs vs target organs?

A

Critical organs are the organ most affected) and Target Organ (organ with the highest level of a chemical contaminant)

24
Q

Describe Additive Toxicity

A

two chemicals A and B, when added together are simply a sum of their individual effects (A + B = AB)

25
Q

Describe synergistic toxicity

A
  • two chemicals A and B individually are toxic, when added together interact to produce an effect that is greater than the sum of their individual effects (A+B < AB)
26
Q

Define potentiation

A

two chemicals A and B, only A is toxic and B is nontoxic, when added together interact to produce an effect that is greater than the sum of their individual effects (A + 0 < AB)

27
Q

Describe antagonistic toxicity

A

two chemicals A and B individually are toxic, when added together interact to produce an effect that is less than the sum of their individual effects (A+B > AB)

28
Q

Describe potential carcinogens

A

(+ in cell lines or non vertebrate species =Screening Assays)
e.g. Aemes Assay (Bacterial Assay) - Cyclomates

29
Q

Describe suspect carcinogens

A

( + in Screening Assay & Mammalian Species)
e.g. Saccharin – Male Rats

30
Q

Describe known carcinogens

A

( + in Screening Assay; Mammalian Species; & Human Epidemiology

31
Q

What is absorption?

A

process where a toxicant enters blood circulation (passes thru a membrane)

32
Q

What is the membrane?

A

a bimolecular layer composed of proteins and lipid leaflets, 75 anstroms thick

33
Q

What are “membranes”

A

skin (dermal), lung (inhalation) & stomach/intestine (ingestion)

34
Q

What is passive transport?

A

primary mechanism for uptake (predicted by Log Octanol Water Coefficients = KOW). Ionized or Charged Particles do not pass thru membranes

35
Q

What is KOW?

A

Uptake In Lipid/Uptake in Water

36
Q

What is filtration?

A

membranes are leaky and have pores thru which small low molecular wt. compds. (MW < 100) can pass through

37
Q

What is special transport?

A

although rare involves the movement across membranes & involves carrier molecules (e.g. proteins –PGP, Multi Drug Resistance Protein)

38
Q

What is active transport?

A
  • involves movement of a toxicant against a conc. gradient & requires an input of energy
39
Q

What is facilitated transport?

A

involves movement of a toxicant not against a conc. gradient & not requiring energy (e.g. Calcium Binding Protein – Pb mimics Calcium).

40
Q

what is endocytis?

A

involves membrane evagination to engulf foreign particles; very rare in the instance of high molecular weight compounds

41
Q

What is pinosytis?

A

engulfment of liquids

42
Q

What is phagocytis

A

engulfment of solids

43
Q

What is bioconcentration

A

uptake from water

44
Q

What is bioaccumulaton?

A

Uptake from food

45
Q

What is sediment accumulation

A

Uptake from sediments

46
Q

What is biomagnification?

A

uptake via food with each successive
trophic level increasing in concentrations (e.g. DDT, PCBs)

47
Q

What is depuration

A

excretion of chemical contaminants via detoxification

48
Q

What is the number of chemicals used in commerce?

A

80,000

ENHS Exam 3 (5 decks)

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