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Biochemistry > Lecture 15 + 16, Membrane (Ford) > Flashcards

Lecture 15 + 16, Membrane (Ford) Flashcards

1
Q

T or F: Lipids are amphipathic.

A

True.

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2
Q

What does amiphipathic mean?

A

Having hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

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3
Q

What is the basic structure of a general fatty acid?

A

Hydrocarbon + carboxyl

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4
Q

What is the primary hydrophobic determinant of a fatty acid?

A

Hydrocarbon + carboxyl

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5
Q

How does the melting point of saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acids compare?

A 
Saturated = higher
Unsaturated = lower
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6
Q

How does the flexibility of saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acids compare?

A 
Saturated = high
Unsaturated = low
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7
Q

What makes a fatty acid saturated or unsaturated?

A

Presence of a double bond (unsaturated)

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8
Q

How does the shape of the hydrocarbon of saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acids compare?

A 
Saturated = linear
Unsaturated = bent more or less
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9
Q

What is the dietary source of saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acids?

A 
Saturated = animal fats
Unsaturated = plant oils, processed fats
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10
Q

T or F: Longer fatty acids melt at lower temperatures than shorter fatty acids.

A

False. Shorter fatty acids melt at lower temperatures than longer fatty acids.

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11
Q

List examples of saturated fatty acids.

A

Lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, arachidic, behenic, lignoceric

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12
Q

List examples of unsaturated fatty acids.

A

Palmitoleic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic; EPA, DHA; Partially hydrogenated oils

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13
Q

Fatty acids form ___.

A

Micelles

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14
Q

How are fatty acid carbons numbered?

A

From carboxyl end to methyl end

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15
Q

Which part of the fatty acid name indicates the fatty acid is unsaturated?

A

cis- or trans-

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16
Q

Which part of the fatty acid name indicates where the double bond is located on an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

Delta#

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17
Q

What would indicate 4 double bonds in an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

tetra-en

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18
Q

What nomenclature would indicate a protonated/acid fatty acid?

A

-oic acid

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19
Q

What nomenclature would indicate a deprotonated/conjugate base fatty acid?

A

-oate

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20
Q

Which part of the fatty acid name indicates the fatty acid is saturated?

A

n-

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21
Q

What does the number in parentheses of a fatty acid name indicate?

A

Total number of carbons : Total number of double bonds

22
Q

How are omega fatty acids named?

A

For the position of the double bond closest to the methyl end of the fatty acid

23
Q

Which omega fatty acids can’t be synthesized by humans?

A

Linoleic acid and linolenic acid

24
Q

What is ALA converted into? Is this an efficient process?

A

EPA and DHA; No, it is an inefficient process

25
Q

Why are omega fatty acids important?

A

Used in cell membrane and other important lipids, common energy source, promote good health by improving cardiovascular health

26
Q

What are the 2 parts of triacylglycerols?

A

Polar head = glycerol

Hydrophobic tails = 3 fatty acid chains

27
Q

Describe the structure of waxes.

A

Similar to triacylglycerols, but have an alcohol head with fatty acid chains

28
Q

Archaeal lipid membranes contain ___ fatty acids.

A

Branches

29
Q

What are the 3 categories of cell membrane lipids?

A

Phospholipids, glycolipids, cholesterol

30
Q

What is the majority component of cell membranes?

A

Glycerophospholipids

31
Q

What are all the components of a glycerophospholipids?

A

Hydrophilic group, phosphate, glycerol, fatty acid chains

32
Q

What are some common alcohols added to glycerophospholipids?

A

Amino acids (serine), sugar alcohols (inositol, glycerol), organics (ethanolamine, choline)

33
Q

What attaches a fatty acid to an amine?

A

Sphingomyelin

34
Q

What are glycosphingolipids important for?

A

ABO blood type antigens, cell signaling

35
Q

T or F: Glycoglycerolipids are usually found in animals, but rarely in plants or bacteria.

A

False. Glycoglycerolipids are found in plants or bacteria, and rarely in animals.

36
Q

What does cholesterol do for cell membranes?

A

Adds rigidity

37
Q

How is a bilayer formed?

A

When multiple hydrocarbon tails are present

38
Q

What is the dual role of a lipid bilayer?

A

2D liquid that allows the lateral movement of proteins and lipids, permeability barrier

39
Q

Describe the Fluid Mosaic Model.

A

Cell membranes are made up of several different types of structures (lipids, proteins, carbohydrates) that allow for their flexible nature

40
Q

What is the base component of the Fluid Mosaic Model?

A

Lipid bilayer

41
Q

Where are carbohydrates presented on the cell membrane?

A

Not in contact with cytosol

42
Q

T or F: Integral membrane proteins span the entire width of the lipid bilayer.

A

True.

43
Q

Why is having membrane proteins with lots of hydrophobic amino acids displayed on their surfaces good and bad?

A 
Good = feature of living in a hydrophobic environment
Bad = if cytoplasm of cell is aqueous
44
Q

What is a solution to the issue of integral membrane protein insertion?

A

Contralateral insertion

45
Q

T or F: Membrane anchors are hydrophilic.

A

False. Membrane anchors are hydrophobic.

46
Q

How much of the proteome do membrane proteins constitute?

A

30%

47
Q

List some functions of membrane proteins.

A

Receive external signals, transmit signals to cytoplasm, transmit signals to another cell, allow solutes through membrane, help to determine membrane thickness and rigidity

48
Q

What does it mean that lipids are 2D fluids?

A

Allow only lateral movement of components

49
Q

In bacteria, what is the rigidity of the membrane determined by?

A

Fatty acid composition

50
Q

In humans, what is the rigidity of the membrane determined by?

A

Cholesterol content

51
Q

T or F: Membranes are asymmetrical.

A

True.

Biochemistry (10 decks)

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