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1
Q

Second messenger system of the body
Uses chemical messages (hormones)
that are released into the blood

A

Endocrine

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2
Q

Hormones control several major processes

A

Reproduction
 Growth and development
 Mobilization of body defenses
 Maintenance of much of homeostasis
 Regulation of metabolism

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3
Q

Hormones are produced by

A

specialized cells

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4
Q

Cells secrete hormones into

A

extracellular fluids

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5
Q

Amino acid-based hormones

A

Proteins  Peptides  Amines

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6
Q

made from cholesterol

A

steroids

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7
Q

made from highly
active lipids

A

Prostaglandins

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8
Q

Effects Caused by Hormones

A

Changes in plasma membrane permeability or electrical state
 Synthesis of proteins, such as enzymes
 Activation or inactivation of enzymes
 Stimulation of mitosis

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9
Q

Diffuse through the plasma membrane of target cells
 Enter the nucleus
 Bind to a specific protein within the
nucleus
 Bind to specific sites on the cell’s DNA
 Activate genes that result in synthesis of new proteins

A

steroid action hormone

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10
Q

Hormone binds to a membrane receptor
 Hormone does not enter the cell
 Sets off a series of reactions that activates an enzyme
 Catalyzes a reaction that produces a second messenger molecule
 Oversees additional intracellular changes to promote a specific response

A

nonsteroid hormone action

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11
Q

Hormone levels in the blood are maintained

A

negative feedback

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12
Q

Size of a grape
 Hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus
 Protected by the sphenoid bone
 Has two functional lobes

A

pituitary gland

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13
Q

Anterior pituitary –

Posterior pituitary

A
  1. Gandular tissue
  2. Nervous tissue
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14
Q

General metabolic hormone
 Major effects are directed to growth of
skeletal muscles and long bones
 Causes amino acids to be built into proteins
 Causes fats to be broken down for a source of energy

A

Growth Hormone

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15
Q

Stimulates and maintains milk production
following childbirth

A

Prolactin

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16
Q

Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal
cortex

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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17
Q

Influences growth and activity of the thyroid

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

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18
Q

Regulate hormonal activity of the gonads

A

Gonadotropic hormones

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19
Q

Stimulates follicle development in ovaries
Stimulates sperm development in testes

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone

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20
Q

Triggers ovulation
 Causes ruptured follicle to become the corpus luteum
 Stimulates testosterone production in males

A

Luteinizing hormone

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21
Q

Release of hormones is controlled by releasing and inhibiting hormones produced by

A

hypothalamus

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22
Q

Stimulates contractions of the uterus during
labor
 Causes milk ejection

A

Oxytocin

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23
Q

Can inhibit urine production
 In large amounts, causes vasoconstriction leading to increased blood pressure

A

Antidiuretic hormone

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24
Q

Found at the base of the throat
 Consists of two lobes joined by central
mass or isthmus

A

Thyroid Gland

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25
Q

Thyroid glands produce two hormones:

A

Thyroid and Calcitonin

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26
Q

Composed of two active iodine-
containing hormones

A

thyroxine and triiodothyronine

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27
Q

secreted by thyroid follicles

A

Thyroxin

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28
Q

conversion of T4 at target tissues

A

Triiodothyronine

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29
Q

Decreases blood calcium levels by causing its deposition on bone
 Antagonistic to parathyroid hormone

A

Calcitonin

30
Q

Tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid
 Secrete parathyroid hormone
 Stimulate osteoclasts to remove calcium
from bone and release it into the blood
 Stimulate the kidneys and intestine

A

Parathyroid Glands

31
Q

Two glands of adrenal glands

A

Cortex and Medulla

32
Q

outer glandular region in three
layers

33
Q

inner neural tissue region

34
Q

Produced in outer adrenal cortex
 Regulate mineral content in blood, water, and electrolyte balance
 Target organ is the kidney
 Production stimulated by renin and
aldosterone
 Production inhibited by atrial natriuretic peptide
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Be

A

Mineralocorticoids

35
Q

Produced in the middle layer of the adrenal cortex
 Promote normal cell metabolism
 Help resist long-term stressors
 Released in response to increased blood levels of ACTH

A

Glucocorticoids

36
Q

Produced in the inner layer of the adrenal
cortex
 Androgens (male) and some estrogen (female)

A

Sex hormones

37
Q

Produces two similar hormones in adrenal medulla. Deals with short term stress

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

38
Q

allows glucose to cross plasma membranes into cells from beta cells

39
Q

allows glucose to enter the blood from alpha cells

40
Q

Found on the third ventricle of the brain  Secretes melatonin
 Helps establish the body’s wake and sleep cycles

A

Pineal Gland

41
Q

Located posterior to the sternum in upper thorax
 Largest in infants and children

  1. Produces
A

Thymus
2. Thymosin

42
Q

Produced by Graafian follicles of the ovaries
or the placenta
 Stimulates the development of secondary female characteristics
 Matures female reproductive organs
 Helps prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized
egg
 Helps maintain pregnancy

43
Q

Produced by the corpus luteum
 Acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle
 Helps in the implantation of an embryo in the uterus

A

Progesterone

44
Q

specialized lymphatic capillaries

45
Q

collections of lymphatic tissue)

A

Peyer’s patches

46
Q

saclike first part of the large intestine

47
Q

Accumulation of lymphatic tissue that sometimes becomes inflamed

48
Q

Ascending
 Transverse
 Descending
 S-shaped sigmoidal

49
Q

A clot in an unbroken blood vessel
 Can be deadly in areas like the heart

50
Q

 A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream
 Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain

51
Q

Platelet deficiency
 Even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting

A

Thrombocytopenia

52
Q

Hereditary bleeding disorder
 Normal clotting factors are missing

A

Hemophilia

53
Q

Injured tissues release thromboplastin
 PF3 (a phospholipid) interacts with thromboplastin, blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions to trigger a clotting cascade
 Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin (an enzyme)

A

Coagulation

54
Q

Anchored platelets release serotonin
 Serotonin causes blood vessel muscles
to spasm
 Spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss

A

Vascular Spasm

55
Q

Collagen fibers are exposed by a break in a blood vessel
 Platelets become “sticky” and cling to fibers
 Anchored platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets
 Platelets pile up to form a platelet plug

A

Platelet Plug Formation

56
Q

regulates osmotic pressure

57
Q

help to stem blood
loss when a blood vessel is injured

A

Clotting proteins

58
Q

help protect the body from antigens

A

Antibodies

59
Q

red blood cells

A

Erythrocytes

60
Q

white blood cells

A

Leukocytes

61
Q

cell fragments

62
Q

The main function is to carry oxygen

A

Erythrocytes

63
Q

Iron-containing protein
 Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen

A

Hemoglobin

64
Q

Crucial in the body’s defense against disease
 These are complete cells, with a nucleus and organelles
 Able to move into and out of blood vessels (diapedesis)

A

Leukocytes

65
Q

Granules in their cytoplasm can be stained
 Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

A

Granulocytes

66
Q

Lack visible cytoplasmic granules
 Include lymphocytes and monocytes

A

Agranulocytes

67
Q

Multilobed nucleus with fine granules
 Act as phagocytes at active sites of infection

A

Neutrophils

68
Q

Large brick-red cytoplasmic granules
 Found in repsonse to allergies and parasitic
worms

A

Eosinophils

69
Q

Have histamine-containing granules
 Initiate inflammation

70
Q

Nucleus fills most of the cell
 Play an important role in the immune response

A

Lymphocytes

71
Q

Largest of the white blood cells
 Function as macrophages
 Important in fighting chronic infection

72
Q

Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes)
 Needed for the clotting process

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