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Physiology > Lecture 14 - The Brain > Flashcards

Lecture 14 - The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

what are the current names for the telencephalone, dienchephalon, and mesencephalon, metancephalon, myelencephalon

whats the other part without an old name

A

cortex, thalamus/hypothalamus, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

cerebellum

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2
Q

what sections of the brain are included in the thalamocortex and brainstem? what parts are their own?

A

thalamocortex = cortex, thalamus/hypothalamus

brainstem = pons, medulla oblongata, midbrain

cerebellum is its own sections

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3
Q

telencephalon - what region, what is it usually associated with, subdivisions

A

most anterior region, usually associated with advanced functions

cerebral cortex: grey matter is EXTERNAL (folding pattern during development) - several different lobes

rhinencephalon - olfactory portion and limbic system

basal nuclei (ganglia)

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4
Q

cerebral cortex - appearance and exception

A

folded into gyri (gyrus: outward fold) an sulci (sulcus: inward fold)

exception = animals like rodents, birds dont have folds in the brain

each gyrus and sulcus has a name

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5
Q

what fold divides the brain into right and left halves?

A

longitudinal fissure (also called cerebral hemisphere)

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6
Q

how is the cerebral cortex divided, information receiving, lobes

A

divided into 2 hemispheres, 1 on each side. 5 lobes

primiform/olfactory lobe internally folded = medial to temporal lobe

right information receives information from the left side of body and vice versa

lobes = olfactory, frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

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7
Q

cerebral lobes - names and what they do

A

frontal lobe = sensory (caudal part), behaviour (rostral part), voluntary movement, learning

partietal = sensory and association

temporal = audition, equilibrium, association

occipital lobe = visual cortex, association

primiform/olfactory = olfaction, learning, memory, emotions

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8
Q

white matter of cerebral cortex - what does it contain, what do the connections do, what are important parts to remember

A

contains axons covered with myelin (oligodendrocytes)

connects neurons within same hemisphere –> association fibers (e.g. corona radiata)

connects cortex to brainstem –> projection fibers (e.g. optic radiations)

connects hemispheres together –> commissural fibers (e.g. corpus callosum)

rostal commissure (white matter), corpus callosum (white matter), white matter (tracts)

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9
Q

rhienencephalon - olfactory portion; what are important parts

A

olfactory portion = olfactory nerve (CN1), olfactory bulb, olfactory peduncles, entorhinal cortex (primiform lobe)

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10
Q

other region of rhinencephalon - what are the parts of it, what is connected and what does that do

A

limbic system; amygdala, septum, hippocampus

connected to the cortex (cingulate gyrus), thalamus and hypothalamus –> controls emotions and behaviour

well described in primates, not well understood in domestic animals

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11
Q

what happens if the limbic system is overactivated

A

fear, flight, anger etc happens

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12
Q

basal nuclei - what section is it in and what are the parts of it, function?

A

subcortical collection of grey matter; parts = caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, claustrum

function = modulate voluntary movement signals from cortex

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13
Q

thalamus - what is it composed of, what does it receive, what are its functions

A

composed of several bilateral nuclei (groups of neurons); lateral geniculate nuclei for vision, medial geniculate nuclei for audition

receives all sensory info (except olfaction) and projects to specific area of cortex – clinically linked with cerebral cortex

gets feedback from cortex and basal nuclei

some motor function: cranial part of red nucleus (origin of rubrospinal tract)

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14
Q

thalamocortex - why are they integrated? what are common signs you see here

A

because the thalamus and cortex have many integrated and overlapping functions, neurologic lesions and injuries in these areas can have similar presentations. These signs include seizures, behavioural changes, motor problems, circling in one direction, etc. These are considered signs of a thalamocortex lesion

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15
Q

what are signs of a thalamocortex lesion

A

seizures, behavioural changes, motor problems, circling in one direction, etc.

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16
Q

hypothalamus - function, how its grouped

A

regulates nervous and endocrine system - HR, BP, temp, water balance, food intake, circadian rhythms, emotions

receives and sends connection to thalamus, limbic system, ANS

grouped into severeal nuclei with specific functions

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17
Q

what does the hypothalamus control? secretion?

A

it controls endocrine secretions of neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis

direct secretion in neurohypophysis; (oxytocin, vasopression)

** know that oxytocin and vasopressin are NTs secreted right into blood stream by hypothalamus

it also secretes releasing hormones that trigger secretion of hormones from adenohypophysis (like ACTH to cortisol?)

18
Q

effect and action of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on adenohypophysis

A

effect on adenohypophysis = stimulates secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

action on adenohypophysis = increases secretion of thyroid hormones T3 and T4 from thyroid gland

19
Q

effect and action of corticotropin releasing hormones (CRH) on adenohypophysis

A

effect on adenohypophysis = stimulates secretion of ACTH

action on adenohypophysis = increases secretion of glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids and androgens from adrenal gland

20
Q

effect and action of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on adenohypophysis

A

effect on adenohypophysis = stimulates secretion of FSH and LH

action on adenohypophysis = production of gametes and secretion of sex steroids

21
Q

effect and action of prolactin releasing hormones on adenohypophysis

A

effect on adenohypophysis = stimulates secretion of prolactin

action on adenohypophysis = increases milk production from mammary gland

22
Q

effect and action of growth-hormone-releasing-hormone on adenohypophysis

A

effect on adenohypophysis = stimulates secretion of growth hormone

action on adenohypophysis = increases anabolism and organ growth

23
Q

pineal gland - where is it, what does it do

A

located dorsally to the thalamus

regulates day/night cycle through release of melatonin

24
Q

midbrain - purpose of sensory (and other name) and motor portions

A

sensory (colliculi) = receives visual and auditory signals. mediate movement of the head in reponse to light and sound

motor portion = contraction of pupils (CNIII), gait (caudal part of red nucleus), movement of eye (CNIII, CNIV)

25
Q

pons - what does it give rise to, function (3)

A

gives rise to CNV (facial sensation and masticatory muscle movement)

communicates with cerebellum (regulation of movement), some nuclei participate in respiratory control, centres for integration/control of micturition

26
Q

medulla oblongata - what does it contain, what are its functions

A

contains nuclei of cranial nerves (6-12)

relays sensory info from spinal cord (tactile, temperature and pain sensation; proprioception)

relays motor information from cortex and brainstem

ascending reticular activating system

cardiovascular and respiratory functions

27
Q

why are the parts considered part of the brainstem

A

because the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata are anatomically continuous, have many related functions (basic control of life supporting activities) and are associated through the reticular formation, theyare often collectively called the brainstem and are functionally considered to be one of the three regions of the brain

28
Q

brainstem - reticular formation: what is it, what does it do, what is the system called and its responsibility

A

complex network of neurons (functionally linking parts together)

present in all parts of the brainstem: medulla, pons, midbrain (+thalamus)

receives sensory signal from entire nervous system

projects to cortex via thalamus

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS); sends continuous flow of impulses to cerebral cortex: awakening –> responsible for the level of arousal

29
Q

what is considered the internet of the brain

A

brainstem; reticular formation

30
Q

what do lesions of the ARAS show up as

A

lethargy, obtundation, stupor, coma

31
Q

what is the ARAS

A

ascending reticular activating system

32
Q

what are some other functions of the reticular formation

A

locomotion and muscle tone

“true” pain: via poorly defined tracts (spinoreticular) in spinal cord

reflex processes: vomiting, swallowing, sneezing

linked to ANS: micturition, defecation, respiration and HR modulation

33
Q

brainstem - respiration; specific nuclei

A

specific nuclei in the medulla and pons are integrated with each other to control inspiration, expiration, breath holding in response to changes in physiological demand

*Respiratory nuclei takes information from lungs/airways to regulate depth of breath and rhythmic

34
Q

brainstem - cardiovascular regulation; what is it part of, what is included in it (centers) and what do they do

A

part of ANS

cardiac accelerator center (symapthetic): increases heart rate (chronotrope +) and contraction strength (inotrope +)

cardiac inhibitory center (parasympathetic): through vagal nerve (chronotrope and inotrope -)

vasomotor center: regulates blood pressure. gets info from baroreceptors, carotid sinus (CNIX), aortic arch (CNX)

35
Q

where is the cerebellum in the brain

A

most caudal region above the brainstem

36
Q

cerebellum - what is its function
what symptom can be expect if its not functioning properly, how is it divided

A

-compares intended movement to actual muscle activity (corrects any disparity, smoothens movement) (so lifting limbs is smooth, integrated and balanced)

-interacts with vestibular system (important for balance)

-Cerebellar ataxia, different from spinal ataxia (couldn’t hold straight line and stumbling) b/c stumbling gait + tremors + over-reaching with steps
- Wobbly cats = panleukopenia in utero, growing cerebellar cells are damaged and leads to cerebellar hypoplasia
- Also calves affected by blue tongue

-divided functionally into regions (cortex, cerebellar nuclei, nodular lobe)

37
Q

How is the cerebellum divided

A

2 lateral hemispheres, medial vermis (divides it into two halves)

38
Q

cerebellum - intended movement vs actual movement, through where

A

-receives information from cortex = intended movement
-and from spinal cord = actual movement
-sends back correction to cortex
-all through cerebellar peduncles

39
Q

ataxia - definition, different types, what type of sign is it

A

ataxia is defined as an inability of an animal to coordinate the activity of its limbs, trunk and/or head in space as it moves. 3 distinct types are recognized clinically. It is a SENSORY (not a motor) sign

proprioceptive/spinal ataxia = spinal cord or brainstem injury to tracts

vestibular ataxia = damage to vestibylar system (braintem, inner ear)

cerebellar ataxia= cerebellum injury/lesions

40
Q

is ataxia a sensory or motor sign

A

sensory

41
Q

what are the three functional regions that we try to narrow down the localization of a lesion to in the brain?

A

thalamocortex, brainstem, cerebellum

Physiology (50 decks)

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