Lecture 14 - Robots

Question 1

Anthropomporphism is

Answer 1

human-likeness

humans have a general tendency to anthropomorphize machines

Question 2

What has a stronger impact on similarity / uncanny valley?

Answer 2

Movement more than appearance

Question 3

Why do you anthropomorphize? Because of …

Answer 3

appearance
movement
expression
intelligence
more ...

Question 4

What is the uncanny valley?

Answer 4

As a robot is made more human like in its appearance and motion, the emotional response from a human to the robot will become increasingly positive and emphatic, until a point is reached beyond which the response quickly becomes one of strong repulsion

Question 5

List of most used non-verbal behavioral cues

Answer 5

facial expressions
gestures
posture
eye gaze
synchrony of movements
interpersonal distance
low-upper standing
...

Question 6

Differences between social signals and social behaviors

Answer 6

Social signal
- lasts for a very short time

Social behavior
- lasts longer

Question 7

Factors encouraging HRI

Answer 7

Conversation
Attention
Contingency, responding quickly enough
Emotion

Question 8

Functions of emotion in social communication

Answer 8

Helps communicate an internal state
Alert others
Shows empathy or understanding of a situation
Gives feedback
Better acceptance y the user
Human-machine interaction appears to be more natural
Robot can influence how the human reacts

Question 9

Three models on how to use emotions in HRI:

Answer 9

1. categorical scheme -> Ekman
2. dimensional theories of affect
3. appraisal theory of emotion

Question 10

Explain the dimensional models of emotion

Answer 10

1. Plutchicks wheel of emotion (4 pairs of opposite emotions, 4D)
   - 8 primary bipolar emotions
   - the emotions have an intensity
2. PAD model - Pleasure arousal dominance model
   - has three scales
3. Russels valence arousal scale, 2D
4. Ekman + intensity, 6D space, paired emotions are not possible
   - Some emotions are closer to each other than others
   - Basic emotions are not simultaneously possible

Question 11

What are the 8 primary bipolar emotions in Plutchiks 3-dimensional emotion space?

Answer 11

joy versus sadness
anger versus fear
trust versus digust
surprise versus anticipation

Question 12

Explain the three scales of the PAD model

Answer 12

Pleasure-displeasure

Arousal-nonarousal (how energized. Not low and high intensity)

Dominance-submissiveness (anger is dominant, fear is submissiveness)

Question 13

Explain Russels’ valence and arousal model

Answer 13

Two dimensional model. Ekmans basic emotions are on the edge of the circle
Neutral is in the middle
All other emotions are interior points

Question 14

Findings of some HRI emotion research

Answer 14

angry, sad, and disgust are hardly distinguishable for both humans and robots
emotional expressions of robots are often misinterpreted
only anger was seen as anger, the rest was wrong