Lecture #14 - Reproductive System Flashcards
The Reproductive System
What do the testes produce?
What do the ovaries produce?
- testes: produce sperm and testosterone
- ovaries: produce eggs, estrogen, and progesterone
The Male Reproductive System
What is the scrotum?
What is the dartos muscle?
What is the cremaster muscle?
- scrotum: sac of loose skin surroinding testes; provides cooler environment than body temperature (3 degrees celsius cooler)
- dartos muscle: smooth muscle; wrinkles scrotal skin
- cremaster: skeletal muscle; elevates testes
The Testes
What are the different types of sacs in the testes?
- tunica vaginalis: serous sac (where testes are enclosed in)
- tunica albuginea: fibrous capsule; divides each testis into 250-300 lobules (contains seminiferous tubules)
The Testes - Epididymis
What is the epididymis?
What type of epithelium dominate?
What happens to the sperm here?
- comma-shaped structure on posterior testis
- site of sperm maturation and storage
- pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- gain ability to swim and fertilize egg
The Testes - Microscopic Anatomy - Seminiferous tubules
Describe the seminiferous tubules (ex. function)
- separated by areolar CT
- site of spermatogenesis
- carry sperm out of testes
(epithelium consists of spermatogenic cells and sustentocytes)
The Testes - Microscopic Anatomy
What is the function of spermatogenic cells, sustentocytes, and interstitial cells?
- spermatogenic cells: produce sperm; begins at puberty (process takes 75 days)
- sustentocytes: surrounds and conveys nutrients to spermatogenic cells; secrete testicular fluid to help push sperm through the tubule
- interstitial cells: secrete testosterone (regulated by luteinizing hormone - LH)
Ductus (Vas) Deferens
What is the function of the ductus (vas) deferens?
What type of epithelium?
- stores and transports sperm from epididymis to urethra
- inner mucosa: pseudostratified epithelium
Accessory Glands
What are the different accessory glands to the male reproductive system?
What are the functions of the different accessory glands?
- seminal glands: secrete 60% of volume of semen; fluid contains sugar to nourish sperm and substances that suppress immune response to semen
- prostate: secrete 1/3 of volume of semen; contain substance that enhance sperm motility
- bulbourethral gland: produce mucus that neutralize traces of acidic urine; lubricates urethra for ejaculation
The Penis
Describe the external anatomy of the penis
Describe the internal anatomy of the penis
Describe the male sexual response
External Anatomy
- shaft: body
- glans penis: distal, expanded end
- prepuce: foreskin (removed during circumcision)
Internal Anatomy
three erectile bodies: one corpus spongiosum - surrounds spongy urethra; two copora caverosa - makes up most of penis
Male Sexual Response
- erection: parasympathetic control
- ejaculation: sympathetic control
The Ovaries
Describe the ovaries
What holds the ovaries in place?
What are the ovaries innervated by?
- small, almond shaped organs that produce ova
- ligaments and mesenteries: suspensory, ovarian, and broad ligament
- innervated by both divisions of ANS
Internal Structures of the Ovaries
Name the different internal structures of the ovaries. Describe them
FOOT
- follicles: multicellular sacs housing oocyte
- ovarian cortex: houses developing oocytes
- ovarian medulla: loose CT; contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves
- tunica albuginea: fibrous capsule of ovary; covered in simple cuboidal epithelium
Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes
What is the function of the uterine (fallopian) tubes?
What are the different parts of the uterine (fallopian) tubes
- receive ovulated oocyte
- infundibulum: distal end of uterine tube; surrounded by fimbriae
- ampulla: middle third of uterine tube; site of fertilization
- isthmus: medial third of uterine tube
The Uterus
Describe the location of the uterus
Name and describe the different parts of the uterus
- lies anterior to rectum; posterior to bladder
- fundus: rounded superior portion
- cervix: “neck” of uterus
Uterine Wall
What are the different layers to the uterine wall?
Describe the different layers of the uterine wall
- perimertrium: serous layer; is the peritoneum
- myometrium: interlacing bundles of smooth muscle; contracts during childbirth
- endometrium: mucosal lining of uterine cavity; changes throughout menstrual cycle to prepare housing of developing embryo
The Vagina
What are the different coats to the vagina?
Describe the different coats to the vagina
- adventitia: fibrous CT
- muscularis: smooth muscle
- mucosa: marked by transverse folds; consists of lamina propria and stratifies squamous epithelium
What is superficial to the pubic symphysis and is covered in pubic hair after puberty?
mons pubis
What is homologous to the male scrotum and encloses the labia minora?
labia majora
What is enclosed by the labia minora and houses opening to urethra and vagina?
vestibule
What is an erectile tissue that is homologous to the penis?
clitoris
Female Menstrual Cycle
What is the general difference between the ovarian cycle and the uterine cycle?
- ovarian cycle: stimulates production of ovarian follicles and oocytes
- uterine cycle: prepares uterine wall of implantation
Female Menstrual Cycle - The Ovarian Cycle
What are the three successive phases of the ovarian cycle?
FOL
- follicular phase: follicular growth stimulated by follicle-stimulating hormone (from anterior pituitary); (zona pellucida, corona radiate surround oocyte)
- ovulation: one mature oocyte exits from one ovary and is swept into the uterine (fallopian) tube; increase in LH is the signal for ovulation (occurs halfway through each ovarian cycle - day 14)
- luteal phase: occurs after ovulation in last half of ovarian cycle; remaining follicle becomes corpus luteum (secrete progestorne to prepare for implantation of embryo); if no implantation then corpus luteum dies
Female Menstrual Cycle - The Uterine Cycle
What happens during the uterine cycle?
What are the different phases of the menstrual cycle?
- series of cyclic changes to the endometrium (endometrial phase directed by FSH and LH)
- phases coordinate with ovarian cycle
- menstrual cycle: days 1-5; functional layer is shed
- proliferative phase: days 6-14; functional layer rebuilds
- secretory phase: days 15-28
The Mammary Glands - Breasts
What are the breasts?
Describe the breasts
- modified sweat gland
- glandular structure: undeveloped in nonpregnant women
- milk production: starts at or after childbirth
Describe the male urethra and the different parts to them
- carries sperm from ejaculatory ducts to outside of the body
- prostatic, intermediate, spongy urethra
