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Neuroscience Lecture 14 and 15 > Lecture 14 - Perception and Memory > Flashcards

Lecture 14 - Perception and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Function of Left Hemisphere?

A

Controls reading and writing, calculation, and logical thinking.

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2
Q

Function of Right Hemisphere?

A

It controls three-dimensional sense, creativity, and artistic senses.

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3
Q

What are perceptual deficits?

A
  1. Apraxia
  2. Agnosia
  3. Unilateral neglect
  4. Complex Perceptual Deficits
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4
Q

Most, not all, perceptual deficits are associated with the BLANK hemisphere

A

Right

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5
Q

The integration and interpretation of sensation into meaningful information

A

Perception (Perception can affect any modality)

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6
Q

For deficit in BLANK, basic sensation needs to be intact.

A

Perception

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7
Q

Inability to recognize or make sense of incoming info despite intact sensory capabilities.

A

Agnosia

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8
Q

What area is damaged if you have agnosia?

A

(almost always, right hemisphere)

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9
Q

List the types of Agnosia

A
  1. Auditory
  2. Alexia
  3. Anosognosia
  4. Prosopagnosia
  5. Tactile Agnosia
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10
Q

“I hear the sound of a door bell and foot steps but I can’t recognize them.”

A

Auditory Agnosia

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11
Q

Lesion in Right PTO

A

Anosognosia, Prosopagnosia, Tactile Agnosia/Asterognosia, Visual Object Agnosia, (finger agnosia)

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12
Q

Lesion in Left PTO

A

Alexia (Usually left (language dominant) PTO area)

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13
Q

What does PTO stand for?

A

Parietal-temporal-occipital

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14
Q

“I can describe this object in my hand by touch, but can’t recognize what it is.”

A

Tactile Agnosia (Right PTO)

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15
Q

“I can see two animals (bear and bunny) and I can describe them but I can’t identify what they are.”

A

Visual Object Agnosia (Right PTO)

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16
Q

“I am unable to understand speech.”

A

Auditory Agnosia (left PTO - Wernicke’s)

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17
Q

“I am unable to comprehend written language.”

A

Alexia (left PTO)

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18
Q

Lack of awareness/denial of paralysis

A

Anosognosia (Right PTO)

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19
Q

“I can interpret emotional facial expressions and recognize other items in environment, but I can’t tell you who that person is.”

A

Prosopagnosia (Right PTO)

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20
Q

Tendency to behave as if one side of body/space does not exist

A

Unilateral Neglect (left-neglect, spatial neglect, hemispatial neglect)

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21
Q

Failure to respond to stimuli presented contralateral brain lesion

A

Unilateral Neglect (ex. drawings with left side missing). Most often, they don’t realize they’re missing anything

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22
Q

Most common lesion for Unilateral Neglect?

A

Right PTO

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23
Q

Occupational Deficits of Unilateral Neglect?

A

Makeup, ADLs, reading only left portion

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24
Q

What is often occurring together with Unilateral Neglect?

A

Visual field deficit

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25
Q

Ability to interpret info from visible light reaching the eye

A

Visual perception

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26
Q

Ability to perceive or react to size distance or depth aspects of environment

A

Spatial perception

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27
Q

What can be used to comprehend spatial relationships?

A

Schemas

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28
Q

What is an internal awareness of body and relationship to body and parts?

A

Body Schema

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29
Q

I can discriminate between my left and right sides of body/space.

A

RIght/Left discrimination

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30
Q

I have an impairment where I cannot identify fingers

A

Finger Agnosia

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31
Q

Examples of visuoperceptual abilities

A

Form discrimination and figure ground

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32
Q

“I can distinguish the difference from objects, such as m and n, a square or rectangle, the word house and horse.”

A

Form discrimination

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33
Q

Ability to differentiate foreground and background

A

Figure Ground

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34
Q

Examples of visuospatial abilities

A

Spatial relations, and topographical orientation

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35
Q

Relating objects to each other or self

A

Spatial relations

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36
Q

Topographical orientation

A

Determine location of objects and settings and route of location

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37
Q

What is impairment of capacity to perform purposeful movement in absence of paralysis?

A

Adult Onset Apraxia

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38
Q

Adult Onset Apraxia

A

Not due to any primary sensory/motor impairment or lack of comprehension, attention. Inability to perform particular purposive actions, as a result of brain damage

39
Q

Where is damage most frequent for Adult Onset Apraxia?

A

Left hemisphere in the frontal lobe (premotor and SMA)

40
Q

This interferes with ability to comprehend relationship of parts of whole, can’t draw and adage objects correctly

A

Constructional Apraxia

41
Q

Only apraxia where lesion is on the right side?

A

Constructional Apraxia

42
Q

“I have the inability to dress myself.”

A

Dressing Apraxia

43
Q

Types of limb apraxia

A

Ideomotor, Ideational, conceptual

44
Q

“Doctor asks patient to scratch his nose. He cannot. However, later on in the day, his nose is itchy so he scratches it.”

A

Ideomotor Apraxia (Carries out activity spontaneously, but difficulty executing a movement upon command)

45
Q

“I have a candle and match but not sure how to light it. Which one goes first? Do I open the match and break it in half?”

A

Ideational apraxia (inability to create a plan for specific movement, incorrect sequencing )

46
Q

“I am using a fork to brush my hair instead of using it to eat broccoli.”

A

Conceptual apraxia (difficulty using tools)

47
Q

Perception stored that can be brought forward.

A

What is memory?

48
Q

For something to become a memory, it must be…

A

Registered/encoded
Stored
Consolidated: transforming short term to long term. Retrieved: pull it up from some kind of cue

49
Q

What exists across all sensory modalities or can be modality specific?

A

Memory

50
Q

What are the different types of memory classification?

A
  1. Working
  2. Declarative (explicit)
  3. Procedural (implicit)
51
Q

Maintain goal-relevant info for a short time

A

Working Memory

52
Q

“I remember getting my first bike in fourth grade…” is an example of what kind of memory?

A

Declarative - Episodic (info specific to context, experiences, events)

53
Q

“I know what a bike is. It has two wheels and a bell” is an example of what kind of memory?

A

Declarative - Semantic (facts independent of context)

54
Q

“I haven’t ridden a bike in 15 years, but I know how it to ride it. You just hop on and go!” is an example of what kind of memory?

A

Procedural (Deals with skills learning, motor memory, habits)

55
Q

What kind of memory depends on conscious reflection and cognitive processes and requires attention during recall?

A

Declarative

56
Q

Semantic and Episodic are examples of what kind of memory?

A

Declarative

57
Q

What are the 3 stages of memory?

A
  1. Immediate
  2. Short term
  3. Long term
58
Q

This memory stage lasts 1-2 seconds, with examples including visual memory, auditory memory, etc

A

Immediate memory

59
Q

This memory stage is brief storage of stimuli that has been registered and perceived

A

Short term memory

60
Q

Loss usually occurs after a few mins unless material is continuously rehearsed

A

Short term memory

61
Q

Here are 5 words to remember and recall. What memory stage are you using?

A

Short term memory

62
Q

Relatively permanent storage of info processed in short term memory

A

Long term memory

63
Q

Chunking is gathering info to make it easier to remember. This is a strategy for what type of memory stage?

A

Short term memory

64
Q

Memory stage where you consolidate

A

Long term memory (conversion of STM to LTM)

65
Q

This memory stage has a large capacity

A

Long term memory

66
Q

What is the difference between sight & visual perception?

A
  • Sight: transduction of light into electrical signals, sent to V1
  • Visual perception: the integration of visual impressions into psychologically meaningful information
67
Q

What are Dr. P’s main perceptual problems? Name each and give examples from the story (wife hat story)

A
  • Prosopagnosia
  • Visual object agnosia
  • Anosognosia
  • CHH (due to info at end of story re: optic tumor AND the fact that he could re-orient to retrieve that information
68
Q

What parts of Dr. P’s brain are most likely affected? (wife hat story)

A

PTO areas

69
Q
  1. Discuss how each of the perceptual problems effect Dr. P’s everyday functioning. Give examples from the story.
A

don’t know answer yet!

70
Q

How did Dr. P’s deficits affect his other senses?

A

His perceptual impairments made those other senses even more important to him (tactile, visual acuity, auditory, etc). He attended to these other senses much more than someone who does not have brain damage.

71
Q

On p. 10 Sacks says that he “scratched the sole of his foot with a key…”. What was he testing for?

A

Babinski reflex

72
Q

What is your reaction to the following quote: “…Dr. P was not fighting, did not know what was lost, did not indeed know that anything was lost. But who was more tragic, or who was more damned – the man who knew it, or the man who did not?” (p. 16).

A

don’t know yet

73
Q

What type of memory deficit did Jimmie have in The Lost Mariner?

A

Retrograde and Anterograde

74
Q

Did he have a deficit in procedural or declarative memory? Why? Give examples from the story.

A

Declarative

75
Q

What neuroanatomical structures are associated with declarative types of memory?

A

Cortex and HC

76
Q

What specific structure is associated with Jimmie’s memory loss? Where is this located?

A

Mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus

77
Q

Loss of declarative memory and long term semantic and episodic

A

Amnesia

78
Q

“I can’t remember everything/anything that happened before the accident.”

A

Retrograde Amnesia (Loss of memory of events before the precipitating trauma)

79
Q

“I don’t remember what I did today. I’ve lost memory of events occurring after the injury.”

A

Anterograde

80
Q

What is Korsakov’s syndrome?

A

A disorder caused by deficiency in thiamine (vitamin B1) causing damage to medial thalamus and mammillary bodies of hypothalamus. It is seen in chronic alcoholism and severe malnutrition. Symptoms include anterograde amnesia (inability to create new memories) and confabulation (creation of false memory, adding new details)

81
Q

Disorder caused by deficiency in thiamine

A

Korsakov’s syndrome (Jimmy from Lost Mariner story had this)

82
Q

This syndrome is seen in alcoholism and severe malnutrition

A

Korsakov’s syndrome

83
Q

Where is the damage in the brain for Korsakov’s syndrome?

A

Medial thalamus and mammillary bodies of hypothalamus

84
Q

Age related, progressive, and irreversible brain disorder

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

85
Q

This is the most common type of dementia

A

Alzheimer’s

86
Q

When do Alzheimer symptoms occur?

A

Usually after 65 with risk increasing with age. NOT NORMAL PART OF AGING (more genetic) and can be late or early onset

87
Q

Diagnosis of Alzheimer?

A

No specific test to confirm AD diagnosis, and analyze symptoms to determine diagnosis of disease

88
Q

Course of Alzheimer’s… Starts with signs of forgetfulness then…

A

inability to recall words
failure to produce/comprehend language
get lost easily
neglect to dress, groom, feed

89
Q

What is a reason for a person with Alzheimer’s to wander and become lost?

A

Motion blindess: inability to interpret flow of visual info

90
Q

Person has uncontrollable emotional outbursts

A

Alzheimer’s

91
Q

What is going on at the level of the brain for someone with Alzheimer’s?

A
  1. Neurofibrillary tangles. In normal neuron, tau (protein) forms part of microtubule support system. In Alzheimer’s, tau is abnormal and twists into tangles, leading to loss of transport system (neurons can’t function typically)
  2. Neuritic (Beta-Amyloid) plaques: Extracellular deposits of amyloid builds up between neurons. In healthy brain, it is broken down and eliminated. In person with AZD’s brain, fragments accumulate, forming hard insoluble plaques and interfere with communication
92
Q

What are neuritic plaques?

A

Extracellullar deposits of amyloids build up between neurons, form insoluble plaque that interfer with communication. Trigger immune response. (AZD)

93
Q

What are Neurofibrillary tangles?

A

(AZD), neuron’s tau (protein) is abnormal and twists into tangle leading to lose of transport system

94
Q

What are the structural changes of the brain with someone with AZD?

A

Cortical atrophy shrinkage, degeneration of cerebral cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, enlarged ventricles (all lead to loss of connections between neurons responsible for learning and memory)

Neuroscience Lecture 14 and 15 (4 decks)

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