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MicroEco > Lecture 14 - Microbe-Animal Interactions > Flashcards

Lecture 14 - Microbe-Animal Interactions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first prediction to explain the origin of the eukaryotic cell?

A

in iron-sulfur world = bacteria and archaea have syntropic interaction &raquo_space;> DNA moves into centralized structure (nuceloid) &raquo_space;> chimera of bacteria and archaea = eukarya

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2
Q

What is the thiodendron stage?

A

bacteria and archaea cells didn’t fuse together but have a very veryyyyyy close interaction (as if they were boutta fuse)

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3
Q

What kind of interaction did bacteria and archaea have?

A

syntropic interaction - exchange of nutrients

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4
Q

What are the 2 different classes of symbionts between animal and microbe interactions?

A

primary and secondary symbionts

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of primary symbionts?

A

transmitted maternally, super small genomes, live in a bacteriome; have a long evolutionary mutualistic relationship with host

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of secondary symbionts?

A

transmitted maternally and horizontally, negatively/positively affect host, facultative (transient), intermediate genome size, can be ecto- or endo-

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7
Q

What is a bacteriome?

A

specialized organelle structure where all the symbionts live

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8
Q

What is a Buchnera?

A

primary symbiont of an Aphid

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9
Q

what are the three types of interactions between animals and microbes?

A

symbiosis, commensalism, and parasitism

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10
Q

How is Buchnera passed onto the next generation of Aphids?

A

Buchnera within mother Aphid infects developing embryos during development

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11
Q

What method do primary symbionts commonly used to be transmitted maternally?

A

during embryo development within the mother

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12
Q

How do genome sequence comparison between symbionts indicate a long symbiosis?

A

no overlap but will not find some biosynthesis genes in host DNA but are found in their symbiont’s DNA and genes are not lost that fast = time needed for that to happen

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of parasites for animals?

A

generally unicellular colonizes host, evades host immune responses, transmits to new host

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14
Q

What is responsible for the parasitic activity of a nematode onto an insect?

A

nematode’s bacterial endosymbiont

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15
Q

What is the life cycle/pathogenesis of a parasitic nematode? (sequence of events)

A

infective juvenile exits insect cadaver = free living &raquo_space;> infects and goes inside another insect &raquo_space;> vomits intestinal contents into insect hemolymph &raquo_space;> bacterial endosymbiont kills insect &raquo_space;> nematode grows, eats up vomit with bacteria, and reproduces

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16
Q

What does the nematode’s bacterial endosymbiont release/secrete that causes the death of an insect?

A

toxins, antibiotics and virulence factors

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17
Q

What is Wolbachia?

A

gram– the bacterium that infects insects

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18
Q

What type of relationship does Wolbachia have with arthropods?

A

reproductive parasite

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19
Q

What type of relationship does Wolbachia have with nematodes? What does the Wolbachia do for the nematode?

A

mutualistic symbiont that provides nutrients and aids in reproduction

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of Wolbachia?

A

not easily transmitted, mother can only transmit bacterium to offspring via infected eggs, males are dead-end hosts because they don’t transmit

21
Q

What are the 4 different strategies of how Wolbachia gets rid of the males?

A

feminization, parthenogenesis, male-killing, cytoplasmic incompatibility

22
Q

What dictates which strategy will Wolbachia use?

A

depends on host

23
Q

What is the Wolbachia strategy of feminization?

A

converting infected males into females = 2x transmission rate | most beneficial strategy, least common

24
Q

What is the Wolbachia strategy of parthenogenesis?

A

infected female reproduces without males and ends up with infected females = 2x transmission rate | NO males involved, NO fertilization

25
Q

What is the Wolbachia strategy of male-killing?

A

killing male offspring, occurs only in hosts with high sibling competition = kill brothers if it benefits the sistas (ex: 1 sister vs 2 brothers = obvi the bros will die)

26
Q

What is the Wolbachia strategy of cytoplasmic incompatibility?

A

modification of male gametes so that incompatibility exists = zygote lethality | most common and phylogenetically diverse

27
Q

When would Wolbachia use the cytoplasmic incompatibility strategy?

A

when an Infected Male mates with Uninfected Female | Infected Males are incompatible with Uninfected Females

28
Q

How is cytoplasmic incompatibility strategy theoretically explained?

A

in a mixed population = infected males increase the fitness of infected females by decreasing the fitness of non-infected females

29
Q

What is the selective advantage for insects to keep the Wolbachia infection?

A

have a higher resistance to RNA viruses and to insecticides

30
Q

What are the 5 symbionts that live within the termite’s gut?

A

protozoan, methanogenic archaeon, acetogenic-CO2-reducing bacteria, fermenting bacteria, and N2-fixing bacteria

31
Q

What does the protozoan do in the termite’s gut?

A

takes up cellulose molecule to convert it into acetate, CO2, and H2

32
Q

What do methanogenic archaeons do in the termite’s gut?

A

takes up H2 and CO2 to make methane

33
Q

What do acetogenic-CO2-reducing bacteria do in the termite’s gut?

A

takes up H2 and CO2 to make acetate

34
Q

What do fermenting bacteria do in the termite’s gut?

A

uptakes uric acid and converts it into acetate and nitrogenic compounds

35
Q

What do N2-fixing bacteria do in the termite’s gut?

A

converts N2 into NH3 = amino acids

36
Q

Which symbiont is the primary symbiont in the termite’s gut?

A

protozoans

37
Q

What is the key molecule the termites need that its symbionts help create? What does the termite need this molecule for?

A

acetate to use a carbon/energy source

38
Q

What converts the wood particle into cellulose for the termite?

A

salivary gland releases cellulase that breaks down wood particles

39
Q

What is the molecule that precedes CO2, H2, and acetate and is converted by the protozoans in the termite’s gut?

A

pyruvate

40
Q

What type of symbiotic relationship do the symbionts within a termite’s gut have?

A

symbioses within a symbioses

41
Q

What other animal’s gut is similar to that of the termite?

A

Ruminant gut of a cow

42
Q

What is the trophosome structure of a tube worm?

A

where all of the bacteria are and where the uptaken molecules are taken through the Calvin cycle and sulfur oxidation

43
Q

What do the gills of a tube worm function as?

A

takes up the molecules from the environment

44
Q

Where, in the ocean, do tube worms live?

A

in deep sea vents

45
Q

What symbionts do Mealy bugs have?

A

many species have one primary symbiont but have different secondary symbionts = symbiont within a within a symbiont within a Mealy bug

46
Q

What is a unique characteristic about the symbiotic relationships of the symbionts within a Mealy bug (including the bug itself)?

A

amino acid biosynthesis pathways spans across all symbionts/insect

47
Q

In animal-microbe interactions, what does the animal host usually provide for the microbe?

A

habitat and nutrients

48
Q

In animal-microbe interactions, what does the microbe usually provide for the animal host?

A

maturity of immune system (MI), helps with digestion (D), developmental inducer (DI), microbial homeostasis (MH) = MI-D-DI-MH

MicroEco (10 decks)

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