Lecture 14: Metabolism

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

> Metabolism involves chemical conversions
Metabolism involves pathways (chemical conversions through proteins)
Metabolism involves enzymes & cofactors
-Needs additional
chemistry
– Add a cofactor
(coenzymes)
&raquo_space;Permanent part of
enzyme
&raquo_space;Reversible binding

Question 2

Carbohydrate catabolism

Answer 2

> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy
Glycolysis
Kreb’s cycle
Electron transport chain

Question 3

Glycolysis

Answer 3

> Uses 2 ATP
Produces 2 ATP
Net production
-0 ATP
-1 pyruvate
-1 NADH
Does not require O2
Does not yield much energy

Question 4

Molecules and their names

Answer 4

> Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP)

Question 5

Fates of pyruvate

Answer 5

> Liver likes to make glucose for other organs from pyruvate –> gluconeogenesis
Pyruvate → Alanine Use amino acids as fuels – get rid of toxic ammonia (NH3)
Used in aerobic respiration if oxygen is present
Pyruvate & anaerobic respiration –> Beer & Sprinting
-Alcoholic Fermentation:
yeast + microorganisms
-Lactic acid Fermentation:
higher organisms e.g.
muscle

Question 6

Krebs cycle

Answer 6

> Acetyl CoA links glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle
Coenzyme A: ‘carrier’ of 2 carbons
The Kreb’s cycle occurs in the mitochondria
The Kreb’s Cycle Converts 2C Acetyl CoA to 2CO2 generating reduced cofactors

Question 7

Electron transport chain

Answer 7

> Electron Transport Chain Using NADH/FADH2 from Kreb’s cycle
NADH/ FADH2 + O2 → H2O + ATP
Happens in Mitochondria
Final electron acceptor is O2
H+ gradient from electron movement

Question 8

ATP synthase

Answer 8

H+ gradient → ATP

Question 9

Cellular respiration

Answer 9

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy