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Pharmacology > Lecture 14 (HEENT) -Exam 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 14 (HEENT) -Exam 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Acute Mastoiditis
* What is it?
* What are the MC organisms?
* What are less common organisms? What are the sx?

A
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2
Q

ACUTE MASTOIDITIS TREATMENT
* What is the txt?
* What do you consult ENT for?

A
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3
Q

ACUTE MASTOIDITIS TREATMENT
* Empiric antibiotic therapy: How long do you need IV? Then oral? (complicated and uncomplicated?

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4
Q

What is the antibiotics for First episode, uncomplicated without recurrent history of AOM or recent antibiotic therapy (last 6 months)?

A
  • Ceftriaxone or
  • Ampicillin-sulbactam (pick up anaerbic coverage)
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5
Q

What is the antibiotics for With recurrent history of recurrent AOM / invasive disease (abscess, osteomyelitis)?

A
  • Vancomycin (MRSA) plus cefepime (S. pneumo) or ceftazidime plus metronidazole OR
  • Vancomycin plus piperacillin-tazobactam (gram - and anaerobes)
  • Osteomyelitis treatment
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6
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7
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8
Q

Viral conjunctivitis
* MCC?
* Which eyes?
* How does it spread?
* What is key?
* What is the txt?
* Whatis not effective?

A
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9
Q

BACTERIA CONJUNCTIVITIS
* What are the MC organisms?
* What are the symptoms?

A
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10
Q

Bacteria conjunctivitis
* What is the txt?
* What is her rule of thumb?
* Refer to who?

A
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11
Q

What is the empiric approach for bacterial conjunctivitis

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12
Q

Neonatal bacterial conjunctivitis
* What is the treatment for gonococcal and chalamydia?
* What is the prophylaxis?

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13
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14
Q

Allergic conjunctivitis
* What it?
* What are the sx?
* What are the txt?

A
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15
Q

Wht are the different drops for allergic conjunctivitis?

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16
Q

What is the difference between corneal abrasion and ulcers?

A

Corneal abrasion- defect of epithelial layer only
ulcer- defect through epithelium to stroma

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17
Q

Superficial abrasion of the cornea flow chart, fill in

A
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18
Q

Superficial abrasion of the cornea
* What do you do for pain control? What do you do to prevent infections?

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19
Q

What are the differet opthalmoglogic medications for corneal abrasion?

A

For topical NSAIDS, they are only for office then at home they take oral NSAIDs

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20
Q

Herpes Keratitis
* What is the MCC organism?
* May do what?
* What is the txt?
* Oral agents for what?
* Care should be directed by who?

A
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21
Q

Lacrimal disorders: acute dacryocystitis
* What is it?
* What is the pathophysio?
* What are the most common organisms?

A
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22
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23
Q

Acute Dacryocystitis treatment
* What is the non pharm txt?
* What is first line for mild infection?
* What is first line for mod to severe infections?

A
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24
Q

Blepharitis
* What is it?
* What is posterior?

A

Blepharitis
* inflammation of the eyelid margin associated with eye irritation

Posterior – MC
* Inflammation of the inner portion of eyelid at the meibomian glands
* Long-term inflammation leads to meibomian gland dysfunction (you cannot fix the gland and they place oil into your tear to stay longer so dry eyes)

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25
Q

What is anterior blepharitis?

A
  • Inflammation at base of eyelashes
  • Staphylococcal – Staph spp colonization of around eyelashes results in scales and crusts
  • Seborrheic – dandruff-like skin changes and greasy scales round the base of eyelids
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26
Q

What is the txt for blepharitis?

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27
Q

TXblepharitis acute/anterior blepharitis?

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28
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29
Q

What is the txt for hordeolum?

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30
Q

What is the txt for chalazion?

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31
Q

Optic neuritis
* What is MC sx?
* What is MC associated with?
* What are other sx?

A

MC unilateral vision loss – acute or subacute
* ­MC associated with multiple sclerosis
* ­ 90% of patients – associated eye pain, worse with movement

32
Q

Optic neuritis
* What is the treatment?

A
33
Q

What is the difference between periorbial and orbital cellulitis?

A
34
Q

Orbital Cellulitis
* What is the pathophysio?
* What are the MC organisms?

A
35
Q

Orbital Cellulitis
* What does the history and exam show?

A
36
Q

Orbital Cellulitis
* What do you need to order?
* What is the txt?

A
36
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A
37
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38
Q

Macula degeneration - treatments
* Cure or no cure?
* What are the advice to give?
* What can you give for wet MD

A
39
Q

What are the vitamins for macular degen?

A
40
Q

Vegf inhibitors
* What does VEGF do?
* What does the inhibitors do?
* What happens to the disease?
* What happens to vision?
* Early or late txt?

A
41
Q

What are the different types of intravitreal VEGF inhibitors?

A
42
Q

RETINAL DETACHMENT
* What is the pahtophysiology?

A
  • Separation of neurosensory layer from the retinal pigment epithelium
  • Subretinal fluid collects under the neurosensory layer
  • Ischemia results in photoreceptor degeneration and
    vision loss
43
Q

What are the risk factors for retinal detachment?

A
  • Older people (diabetic retinopathy)
  • Cataracts
  • Previous detachment
  • Highly myopic
  • Retinopathy of prematurity
44
Q

Retinal Detachment
* What does the history show?
* What does the exam show?
* What is the txt?

A
45
Q

Diabetic retinopathy falls into what two main classes:

A

nonproliferative and proliferative.
* The word “proliferative” refers to whether or not there is neovascularization (abnormal blood vessel growth) in the retina

46
Q

Diabetic retinopathy
* What are the two types?

A

Non proliferative

Proliferative
* Abnormal blood vessel growth (neovascularization) in the retina

47
Q

Diabetic retinopathy:
* What is the screening recommendations for DM type one and two?

A
  • Type I DM: retinal exam 3-5 years after dx
  • Type II DM: retinal exam at time of diagnosis
48
Q

Diabetic retinopathy
* What is the primary tx?
* occurs in who?
* Often found on presentation of who?
* Refer Type 2 DM to who?
* May worsen in DM patients during pregnancy, screen for what?
* Isolated gestational DM does not what?

A
49
Q
A
50
Q

Orbital floor fracture – blowout fracture
* What is the MCC cuase?
* What type of fractures?
* What can become entraped and what can that causes?
* What is the tear drop sign?

A
  • MCC direct blow to orbit – classic is baseball
  • Fracture of orbit floor
  • Entrapment of inferior rectus muscle-> Diplopia and Decreased upward gaze
  • Tear drop sign: herniation of tissue and muscle into sinus cavity
51
Q

Orbital Wall Fracture
* Most non-operative but…. Evaulate what? What occurs in 10-25% of orbital floor fractures?
* If fracture involves infected sinus, what do you need to give?
* What do patients need to avoid doing?

A
52
Q

MECHANICAL GLOBE INJURY
* What is the pathophysio?
* What does the history show?

A
53
Q

MECHANICAL GLOBE INJURY
* What does the exam show?

A
  • Subconjunctival hemorrhage
  • Irregular pupil
  • Iris prolapse through corneal or scleral laceration
  • +/- obvious foreign body
54
Q

How do you diagnosis the mechanical globe injury?

A
55
Q

Mechanical Globe Injury:
* What is the txt?

A
56
Q

What is hyphema?

A
57
Q

What is the difference?

A
58
Q

Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
* What is the pathophysio?
* What are the risk factors?
* What is the presentation?

A
59
Q

Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
* What does to show on exam?

A
  • Pallor of retinal and optic disc
  • Cherry red fovea
  • Boxcar appearance of retinal veins and arterioles
  • +/- sluggish pupillary response to light – relative (afferent pupillary defect)
60
Q

Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
* Who do you consult?
* What is the goal?
* What is first line?
* What is the conservative therapies?

A
61
Q
A
62
Q

Branched retinal vein occlusion (BRVO)
* What does it look like?
* What is the primary treatment?

A

Primary treatment : Intravitreal VGEF inhibitors

63
Q
A
64
Q

How is the the aqueous humor drained?

A
65
Q

What is the Glaucoma (Angle closure vs. Open-angle)?

A
66
Q

Acute angle-closure glaucoma
* What is the pathophysiology?

A
67
Q

Acute angle-closure glaucoma
* what is the presentation?

A
68
Q

Acute angle-closure glaucoma
* What is the txt?
* What drugs decrease IOP?

A
69
Q

Open-angle glaucoma Treatment
* What are the goals?
* What are the medications for?
* What surgery option is there?

A
70
Q

Open-angle glaucoma Treatment
* What is considered first line and why?
* What is second line and why?
* what is another agent? Wht are the SE?

A
71
Q

OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA TREATMENT

What are the protaglandins analogues? What are se?

A
72
Q

OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA TREATMENT

  • What are the beta adrenegic blockers and their SE?
  • What are the a-2 adrenergic agonist? and SE?
A
73
Q
A
74
Q

What are the MYDRIATIC / CYCLOPLEGIC EXAMPLES?
What are the SE?

A

Pharmacology (14 decks)

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