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Biology *1080 - Lecture 14 Flashcards > Lecture 14 Flashcards - Midterm #2 > Flashcards

Lecture 14 Flashcards - Midterm #2

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1
Q

What are the three main components of the cardiovascular system?

A

Heart - Muscular Pump
Blood Vessels - Conduits for blood to flow
Blood - fluid that circulates through the body and carries material between cells (i.e, communication)

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2
Q

What makes up the Circulatory System

A

Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System

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3
Q

What does the Cardiovascular System contribute to?

A

Transporting blood throughout the body

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4
Q

What does the Lymphatic System contribute to?

A

Maintaining fluid balance and drainage

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5
Q

What are examples of Cardiovascular disease?

A
  • Coronary Artery Disease
  • Stroke
  • Heart Attack
  • Heart Failure
  • Hyper tension
    Diabetes
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6
Q

Coronary Artery Disease:

A

Blood vessels that carry nutrients are blocked

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7
Q

Stroke:

A

Brain in not getting blood

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8
Q

Heart Attack:

A

Blood flow to heart becomes blocked

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9
Q

Heart Failure:

A

Not pumping blood as effectively

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10
Q

Diabetes:

A

Blood is more syrupy (lacks filtering substances)

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11
Q

Where does deoxygenated blood go?

A

Returns to the right side of the heart (enters right atrium from venous circulation)

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12
Q

What does the Atria receive?

A

Blood

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13
Q

What happens when the heart contracts?

A

Pumps blood to the ventricles

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14
Q

Where does the Right Ventricle put the deoxygenated blood?

A

To the lungs and left atrium

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15
Q

Where does oxygenated blood go?

A

Leaves the left ventricle via the aorta

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16
Q

Where is deoxygenated blood?

A

In the pulmonary artery

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17
Q

Where is oxygenated Blood?

A

In the pulmonary vein

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18
Q

Where does the blood end up?

A

In the capillaries

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19
Q

Where is most of the blood in the body?

A

60% is in the systematic veins and venues

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20
Q

What percent of blood is in the heart?

A

8%

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21
Q

What percent of blood is in the capillaries?

A

5%

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of Arteries?

A

Thick muscular walls (smooth muscle) designed to handle high pressures

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23
Q

What is the average internal diameter of a artery?

A

4.0

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24
Q

What is the average wall thickness of an artery?

A

1.0

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25
Q

What are the characteristics of arterioles?

A

Less muscle (decrease in pressure), but lots of innervation to control smooth muscle contraction

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26
Q

What is the average diameter of a arteriole?

A

0.03

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27
Q

What is the average wall thickness of an arteriole?

A

0.006

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28
Q

What are arterioles a main site of?

A

Blood pressure regulation

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29
Q

What are characteristics of capillaries?

A

Does not contain any muscle, no ability to withstand high pressures

30
Q

What is maximized in the capillaries?

A

Fluid and solutes

31
Q

What is the average diameter of the capillaries?

A

0.008

32
Q

What is the average wall thickness of a capillary?

A

0.005

33
Q

What are the characteristics of a Venule?

A

Main site of lymphocytes (white blood cells) cross from blood to lymph notes

34
Q

What is the average diameter of a Venule?

A

0.02

35
Q

What is the average wall thickness of a Venule?

A

0.001

36
Q

What are the characteristics of the Veins?

A

Thin walled, fairly muscular for expansion and recoiling

37
Q

What is the average diameter of a vein?

A

5.0

38
Q

What is the average wall thickness of a vein?

A

0.5

39
Q

What does a normal artery look like?

A

Large diameter and able to withstand high pressure

40
Q

What does an artery with elevated LDL cholesterol look like?

A

Complete build up of plaque in the artery causing a blockage

41
Q

What is dyslipidemia?

A

A cardiovascular disease caused by the imbalance of lipids

42
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

A cardiovascular disease in which there is a build up of plaque in the artery

43
Q

What is blood flow regulated by?

A

Hormones and neurological signalling

44
Q

What does not have blood flow at all times?

A

Capillary beds

45
Q

Where does blood travel faster?

A

The veins

46
Q

What has a large Surface area but a low velocity?

A

The capillaries

47
Q

Why is the capillaries optimal for nutrient exchange?

A

Due to the low velocity the blood is flowing slower, giving more time to exchange nutrients.
Due to the large SA, it allows for a bigger site to exchange nutrients

48
Q

What is a cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute

49
Q

What is the resting blood flow cardiac output?

A

5 L/min

50
Q

What is the exercise blood flow cardiac output?

A

25.0L/min

51
Q

In resting blood flow, where will most of the blood be?

A

Evenly distributed

52
Q

In exercise blood flow, where will most of the blood be?

A

In the skeletal muscle

53
Q

In the veins, where is blood moved to?

A

The blood moves against gravity toward the heart by a pressure gradient between the left and right side of the heart

54
Q

What is the blood flow in the veins facilitated by?

A

The expansion of the thoracic cavity during breathing
The contracting of the skeletal muscles
The valves to prevent blood flow from flowing backwards

55
Q

What is varicose veins?

A

A one way- valve malfunction which causes the backwards flow of blood and pooling

56
Q

Where does varicose veins typically happen in?

A

The thigh and calves due to the saphenous vein

57
Q

What is the cardiac muscle tissue that the heart is made of?

A

Myrocardium

58
Q

What is a neural input?

A

involuntary, automatic

59
Q

What is a neural conduction?

A

gap junctions (i.e, chemical signalling)

60
Q

What is the metabolism of cardiac muscle?

A

It has a very high oxidative capacity, which lots of mitochondria
It has fatigue resistance (doesn’t rest)

61
Q

What is the diastole view of the heart?

A

Goes through the aortic valve and the pulmonary valve

62
Q

What is the systole view of the heart?

A

Goes through the pulmonary valve and the aortic valve

63
Q

What sound do you hear when the AV valves are closing?

A

“LUB”

64
Q

What sound do you hear when the Semilunar valves are closing?

A

“DUB”

65
Q

What is stenosis?

A

The narrowing of a valve

66
Q

What is stenosis caused by?

A

It may be congenital, caused by calcification, or scarring from rheumatic fever

67
Q

Symptoms of Stenosis?

A

Fatigue, shortness of breath, exercise intolerance, heart failure

68
Q

What are some artificial valve issues?

A

Durability (could have an issue with the material, i.e, carbon, titanium)

Clot Formation (requires constant use of anticoagulant therapy - medication)

Resistance to Flow (vulnerability to black flow and regurgitation)

69
Q

What is an alternative to artificial valves?

A

Biological valves, typically from pigs

70
Q

What is the issue with biological valves?

A

The body recognizes that it is not part of the body (need to take immunosuppressive drugs)

Biology *1080 - Lecture 14 Flashcards (6 decks)

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