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Comparative Anatomy > Lecture 14: Appendicular Muscular System > Flashcards

Lecture 14: Appendicular Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Define/Describe extrinsic appendicular musculature

A 
• Muscles that arise on the axial
skeleton or trunk fascia and insert on
the girdle or limb.
• Begin development from blastemas
within the body wall.
• Examples:
• Latissimus dorsi
• Levator scapulae*
• Serratus ventralis*
• Rhomboideus*
• Trapezius#
• Sternomastoid#
• Cleidomastoid#
# = Branchiomeric
* = From Myotomes
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2
Q

Describe intrinsic appendicular muscles

A 
Intrinsic appendicular muscles:
• Muscles that arise on a girdle or limb
element and insert more distally.
• Develop from blastemas from within
the limb.
• Note that the intrinsic blastemas
originate in somites and are
innervated by motor fibers from
somatic column of spinal cord.
• Examples:
• Biceps complex
• Triceps complex
• Digit extensors and flexors
• Gluteal complex
• Quadriceps complex
• Hamstrings
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3
Q

Describe the dorsal extrinsic pectoral muscle, latissimus dorsi

A 
• Most constant dorsal extrinsic
appendicular muscle in
tetrapods
• Arises from superficial fascia in
Necturus and inserts on
humerus
• Pulls humerus caudally
• Arises from neural spines via
tough fascia in reptiles
• Arises from neural spines of
thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
and from tough fascia in
mammals (thoracolumbar fascia)
• Major derivative = teres major
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4
Q

Describe the dorsal extrinsic pectoral muscle, trapezius

A
  • Trapezius:
  • Derived from fish cucullaris (P)
  • May be divided into several components depending on its attachment to scapula:
  • Cleidotrapezius
  • Acromiotrapezius
  • Spinotrapezius
  • Innervated by branchiomeric nerves (Cranial nerve XI)
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5
Q

Describe the remaining major dorsal extrinsic pectoral muscles

A 
• Levator scapulae (amniotes):
- Two groups of muscles from
atlas/basioccipital or from
cervical vertebrae to scapular
spine
• Rhomboideus group
(crocodilians and mammals):
- From cervical and thoracic vertebrae to dorsal border of scapula
• Serratus ventralis (anterior)
(amniotes):
- From ribs to dorsal border of
scapula
-  See Slides 7-10
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6
Q

Describe the evolution of the pectoral complex and it’s components

A 
Pectoral complex:
• Originates from thoracic cage and sternum.
• Inserts on humerus.
• Major adductor of forelimb.
Components:
• Pectoralis major.
• Pectoralis minor.
• Pectoralis descendens:
• = pectoantebrachialis.
• Xiphihumeralis.
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7
Q

Describe the trends noted in the evolution of pectoral muscles

A 
• Increase in size of latissimus dorsi
• Increase in size of pectoralis
complex.
• Supracoracoideus of amphibians
and reptiles:
• In mammals = supraspinatus and
infraspinatus.
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8
Q

Describe the ventral group of extrinsic pectoral muscles

A 
• Pectoralis and supracoracoideus:
• Forearm adductors
• Powerful flight muscles in birds
• Note that supracoracoid is an intrinsic muscle in mammals.
- See Slide 12
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9
Q

Describe the muscles of the scapular sling

A

• The scapular sling suspends the body between the scapular blades in tetrapods.
• Muscles of the scapular sling:
• Serratus ventralis (anterior):
- From rib cage to medial border of scapula.
- In salamanders:
- = thoraciscapularis
• Levator scapulae:
• From scapula to posterior skull.
• Rhomboids:
- Upper vertebrae to dorso-medial border of scapula.
- See Slide 14

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10
Q

Describe the 4 rotator cuff muscles

A 
Rotator Cuff Muscles (SITS):
• Supraspinatus
• Infraspinatus
• Teres minor
• Subscapularis
• Composed of four muscles
whose tendons of insertion
form a partial “cuff” around
the head of the humerus.
• Involved in snubbing and
rotating head of humerus.
  • See Slide 15
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11
Q

May need to memorize shoulder movements and associated muscles.

A

Not sure yet.

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12
Q

Describe the deltoid complex

A 
• Deltoid complex in salamanders:
- Scapulodeltoid.
- Procoracohumeralis: Equivalent to teres minor in mammals.
- Supracoracoideus: Equivalent to supraspinatus and infraspinatus in mammals.
• Major arm (humeral/brachial) abductor.
• Arises from pectoral girdle.
• Inserts on humerus.
• May consist of several muscles:
- Clavodeltoid (or cleidodeltoid)
- Spinodeltoid
- Acromiodeltoid
• Single muscle in humans, but has multiple functions.
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13
Q

Review the pectoral-girdle homologies across Necturus, Reptiles, and mammals.

A

I have no idea how to approach this.

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14
Q

Describe the muscles within the pelvic girdle

A

In mammals the muscles associated directly with the pelvic girdle can be divided into several compartments, based on location, innervation, vascular supply, and function.

  • Divided into the posterior gluteal compartment and the lateral gluteal compartment
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15
Q

What major muscle is found in the posterior gluteal compartment?

A

Muscles: Gluteus maximus
Action: Hip extension and lateral rotation. Rising, climbing, running (but not walking).

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16
Q

Describe the major muscle groups found in the lateral gluteal compartment

A

Muscles:

  • Gluteus medius.
  • Gluteus minimus.
  • Tensor fascia latae: Inserts onto iliotibial tract.
  • Note that mediusand minimusare the same muscle separated by the superior gluteal nerve.
  • Action: Hip abduction with free-swinging limb.
17
Q

List the 6 deep external rotators of the pelvic girdle

A
  • Piriformis: Leaves pelvis through greater sciatic foramen.
  • (Main door for passage of structures from pelvis to thigh.)
  • Superior gemellus.
  • Obturator internus.
  • Inferior gemellus.
  • Obturator externus.
  • Quadratus femoris.

See slides 22-23, memorizing where the well-mentioned muscles are located.

18
Q

How are limb segment compartments separated and what does each compartment usually contain a specific set of?

A
  • Limb segments can be divided into compartments.
  • These compartments may be separated by fibrous connective tissue septae.
  • Each compartment typically has its own:
    • Action
    • Innervation
    • Vascular supply
19
Q

Describe the anterior brachial compartment.

A
  • Muscle action:
  • Flex/supinate forearm
  • Flex shoulder
  • Contents:
  • Biceps brachii
  • Brachialis ** (Humeroantebrachialis in salamanders)
  • Coracobrachialis
  • Innervation:
  • Musculocutaneous N.
20
Q

Describe the posterior brachial compartment

A
  • Muscle action:
  • Extend forearm
  • Extend shoulder
  • Contents:
  • Triceps brachii
  • Anconeus
  • Innervation: Radial N
21
Q

Describe the anterior antebrachial compartment

A
  • Muscle action:
  • Wrist and digit flexion
  • Contents:
  • Flexor carpi radialis
  • Flexor carpi ulnaris
  • Flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus
  • Palmaris longus
  • Flexor digitorum superficialis
  • Flexor digitorum profundus
  • Pronator teres and quadratus
  • Innervation:
  • Median nerve
  • Ulnar nerve
22
Q

Describe the posterior antebrachial compartments

A
  • Muscle action: Wrist and digit extension
  • Contents:
  • Extensor carpi radialis (longus and brevis)
  • Extensor carpi ulnaris
  • Extensor digitorum
  • Separate extensors to thumb and some fingers
  • Innervation: Radial nerve
23
Q

Describe the abductor muscles in the thighs of tetrapods

A

Gluteal complex: = Iliofemoralis in reptiles.

24
Q

Describe the Quadriceps Complex of Thigh Muscles of Tetrapods

A
  • Thigh flexor:
  • Rectus femoris: = Iliotibialis in reptiles
  • Leg extensors:
  • Rectus femoris:
  • Vasti (lateralis, medialis, intermedius).
    • = Femorotibialis in reptiles
25
Q

Describe the muscles originating from around the obturator foramen

A
  • Obturatus internus: = Ischiotrochantericus in reptiles
  • Obturator externus: = Puboischiofemoralis in reptiles
  • Quadratus femoris
  • Piriformis
26
Q

Describe the Adductors of the thigh

A

Adductor complex in mammals:

  • Adductor brevis
  • Adductor longus
  • Adductor magnus = adductor femoris in reptiles.
27
Q

Describe the thigh extensors and shank flexors in tetrapods

A
  • Gracilis in mammals: = puboischiotibialis in reptiles and salamanders
  • Semitendinosus and semimembranosus in mammals: = tibialis externus and internus in reptiles
  • Biceps femoris in mammals
28
Q

Describe the shank (tibial) extensors in tetrapods

A

Quadriceps in mammals:
Consist of:
- Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis, Vastus intermedius
- = iliotibialis and femorotibialis in reptiles
- Extend shank (tibia)

29
Q

What was the sartorius in mammals derived from in reptiles?

A

Sartorius in mammals: = ambiens in reptiles

30
Q

Describe the main muscles found in the posterior leg?

A
  • Deep Posterior
  • Popliteus
  • Flexor hallucis longus
  • Tibialis posterior
  • Superficial posterior:
  • Medial and lateral gastrocnemius
  • Soleus
  • In mammals insert via Achilles on calcaneus In reptiles insert via aponeurosis on the sole of the foot.
31
Q

Describe the anterior compartments of the leg

A
  • Tibialis anterior
  • Extensor digitorum longus
  • Peroneus tertius*
  • Extensor hallucis longus
  • Peroneus is now usually referred to as fibularis.
32
Q

List the lateral compartments of the leg

A
  • Peroneus longus*
  • Peroneus brevis*
  • Peroneus is now usually referred to as fibularis.

Comparative Anatomy (23 decks)

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