Lecture 14

Question 1

Masonry

Answer 1

“Material of earth”

Typically clay stone or concrete pieces stacked for walls to resist forces

Question 2

Pro of masonry

Answer 2

Can be durable and low maintenance

Question 3

Con of masonry

Answer 3

Labor intensive

Question 4

Mortar

Answer 4

Mud pressed into joints for stability

Question 5

Fourth millennium, peoples of __________ we’re building palaces and temples of stone and sun dried brick

Answer 5

Mesopotamia

Question 6

First large scale use of masonry arches and roof vaults in temples, basilicas, baths, palaces, and aqueducts

Answer 6

Romans

Question 7

Industrial revolution brought:

Answer 7

Mechanization of mining, transportation, and production techniques

Portland cement (greater strength)

Question 8

In the ___th century masonry was displaced by ______ to build tall buildings

Answer 8

19th

Iron/steel frames/reinforced concrete

Question 9

Pros of hollow concrete block

Answer 9

Cheaper than cut stone and less labor than brick

Question 10

20th century developments:

Answer 10

Steel reinforced masonry
High strength mortars
Higher structural strength masonr

Question 11

Mortar

Answer 11

Cushions the masonry units
Seals space between units to prevent water and wind penetration
Adheres the units together
Important to the appearance of the wall

Question 12

Cement lime mortar ingredients

Answer 12

Portland cement
Hydrated lime
Aggregate (sand)
Water

Question 13

Hydraulic cements

Answer 13

Cured by chemical reactions with water

Question 14

When hydraulic cements harden they become

Answer 14

Water insoluble

Question 15

Mortar must be used before

Answer 15

2.5 hours

Question 16

Brick masonry is made of

Answer 16

Clay

Question 17

Brick is unique among masonry for its

Answer 17

Fire resistance

Question 18

Traditional bricks are shaped to fit

Answer 18

The human hand

Question 19

Con of brick

Answer 19

Heavy and expensive to ship

Question 20

3 major methods of molding bricks

Answer 20

Soft mud process
Dry press process
Stuff mud process

Question 21

Most widely used brick molding method

Answer 21

Stiff mud process (extruding)

Question 22

Stiff mud process

Answer 22

Moist clay is extruded into rectangular columns and sliced into bricks by wires then dried

Question 23

Bricks are dried for ______ days in a low temp kiln before firing/burning

Answer 23

One to two days

Question 24

Periodic kiln

Answer 24

Fixed structure that must be loaded and unloaded

Question 25

Tunnel kiln

Answer 25

Used for high productivity

Question 26

Stages of brick firing

Answer 26

Dried in kiln
Fired/burned in kiln
-Dehydration
-oxidation
controlled cooling

Question 27

Oxidation stage of brick

Answer 27

Transformed into a ceramic material

Question 28

Brick firing takes ______hours

Answer 28

40-150 hours

Question 29

Color of brick depends on

Answer 29

The chemical composition of the clay/shale/temperature/chemistry

Question 30

Higher temperature = _____bricks

Answer 30

Darker

Question 31

What turns bricks red

Answer 31

Iron in clay

Question 32

Facing bricks

Answer 32

Used for appearance

Cored to reduce cracking during firing

Question 33

Building bricks

Answer 33

Appearance doesn’t matter

Question 34

Hollow bricks are:

______% void

Reinforced for:

Unreinforced to:

Answer 34

60% void

For insertion and grouting of steel reinforcement

To construct walls that are light

Question 35

Bed joint

Answer 35

Horizontal mortar

Question 36

Head joint

Answer 36

Verticals mortar

Question 37

“Course”

Answer 37

Horizontal layer of masonry

Question 38

Wythe

Answer 38

Verticals layer of masonry

Question 39

Collar joint

Answer 39

Mortar between verticals layers of brick

Question 40

Mortar joints for exterior use

Answer 40

Concave and Vee

Question 41

Types of brick arches

Answer 41

Jack arch
Segmental arch
Roman arch

Question 42

Lintels

Answer 42

Triangular brick area above an opening