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Research Methods Test 3 > Lecture 14, 15 & 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 14, 15 & 16 Flashcards

1
Q

A ___ is the entire collection of people with whom your study is concerned.

A

Population

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2
Q

A ___ is a portion (some elements) or a piece that is representative of a whole.

A

sample

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3
Q

In social studies, a ___ is a special subset selected from a population for purposes of making inferences about the nature of the population.

A

sample

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4
Q

Why do we use samples instead of populations in research?

A

Allows researchers to conduct their studies with more manageable data in a timely manner.

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5
Q

What is a sampling frame?

A

A list of all the people or objects in the population

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6
Q

If you have no list of your population, you have no sampling frame. If you have no sampling frame, most ___ sampling strategies don’t work.

A

probability

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7
Q

When do you take a sample?

A

When the population is too large to work with

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8
Q

True or false: ideally, the sample should represent the population with respect to every variable of interest in the study

A

True

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9
Q

A sample size of at least ___ is needed for statistical testing in some studies, while more than ___ is needed for some studies.

A

100; 1,000

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10
Q

In some studies, sample sizes are calculated based on how much ___ ___ you can tolerate (e.g. you want to be 95% confident that your study findings are accurate within plus or minus 5% of the population parameters)

A

sampling error

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11
Q

The adequacy of the sampling size depends on how ____ your population is with respect to the variables of interest.

A

homogenous (if they were all identically homogenous than you would only need one of them)

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12
Q

In ___-___ sampling, the chance of being selected is not equal for every person in the population (e.g. people might be selected because they happen to be in a certain place at a particular time or have certain conditions)

A

non-probability

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13
Q

In ___ sampling, every person in the population has an equal chance of or known ___ of being selected to be part of the sample (e.g. is the sample is 5% of the population, each person has a 1 in 20 chance of being selected)

A

probability; probability

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14
Q

What are the 4 major types of non-probability sampling?

A
  1. Availability (accidental or convenience) sampling
  2. Purposive or judgmental sampling
  3. Quota sampling
  4. Snowball sampling
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15
Q

True or false: most qualitative studies use non-probability sampling

A

True

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16
Q

True or false: Social research is often conducted in situations where the researcher can select the probability samples used in large-scale surveys

A

False (they usually cannot)

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17
Q

___ ___ is a non-probability method that selects those who are available or easy to find (e.g. you want to survey homeless people in a community about drug use, but only 3 of the 8 homeless people give you permission to distribute the survey, so you survey those 3 of them)

A

availability sampling

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18
Q

Availability sampling may be the easiest one, but it is also the lowest in ____

A

reliability

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19
Q

____ ____ is a sampling method in which elements are chosen based on the purpose of the study.

A

Purposive sampling

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20
Q

In ____ ____ you _____ select those respondents who would be able to answer your research questions, based on your own knowledge of the population. You may ____ select atypical cases (e.g. clients who have been particularly successful or unsuccessful in a treatment program)

A

purposive sampling; purposefully; purposefully

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21
Q

Purposive sampling may include the ___ population of some limited group (e.g. One Year HBSW students) or a ____ of the population (one class of the One Year HBSW)

A

entire; subset

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22
Q

Similar to other non-probability sampling methods, the sample selected with purposive sampling does not represent a ____ population.

A

larger

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23
Q

True or false: purposive sampling can be exactly what is needed in some cases–study of an organization, or a community

A

True

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24
Q

____ _____ is designed to avoid the most obvious flaw of availability sampling.

A

Quota sampling

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25
Q

In ____ ____, the researcher sets ____ to ensure that the sample represents certain characteristics in proportion to their prevalence in the population.

A

Quota sampling; quotas

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26
Q

In quota sampling, you have to know the ____ of the population ahead of time. (e.g. if you want to have a sample proportional to the population in terms of gender–you have to know the gender ration of the population, then collect samples until yours matches)

A

characteristics

27
Q

True or false: Snowball sampling is not a very good instrument for cases when the members of the population are hard to find

A

False (it is a very good instrument)

28
Q

The rationale behind ___ ___ is random selection of participants. More specifically, each person from the population of interest has a known ____ of selection under a given sampling scheme.

A

probability sampling; probability

29
Q

What are the four major types of probability sampling?

A
  1. Simple random sampling
  2. Systematic random sampling
  3. Stratified random sampling (proportionate/disproportionate)
  4. Cluster sampling
30
Q

What is the most widely known type of random sample?

A

simple random sample

31
Q

True or false: with the random sampling method, each member of the population has a statistically equal chance of being selected as a sample, thus if the sample size is big enough, the sample will represent the characteristics of the population

A

True

32
Q

____ ____ sampling is often used when little or nothing is known about the population (e.g. flipping a coin, using a random number)

A

Simple random

33
Q

____ ____ sampling involving the selection of every ‘kth’ person from a sampling frame, where ‘k’, the sampling interval, is calculated as: ‘k’ = population size (N) / sample size (n)

(If the population is 1000 and the sample is 100, then k = 10. Then starting at a random point on the sampling frame, select every tenth person in the sample)

A

Systematic random

34
Q

True or false: it is harder to draw a systematic random sample without mistakes. Also, it is expected that a systematic sampling might be less precise than simple random sampling.

A

False; it is easier and more precise

35
Q

In ____ sampling, the population is first divided into two or more mutually exclusive homogenous subsets based on some categories of variables of interest in the research, then an appropriate number of respondents are drawn from each subset.

A

stratified

36
Q 
This is an example of \_\_\_ sampling for a community, and your interest is religion and your sample is 10% of the population: 
			Population	Sample 	 
Christians 	580		58	 
Muslims		210		21
Jews		30		3
Others 		180		18
TOTAL	        1000       100
A

Stratified

37
Q

Many national surveys conducted by Statistics Canada use ____ sampling

A

stratified

38
Q

____ ____ is a sampling method used when “natural” segmentations (groups) are evident in the population

A

cluster sampling

39
Q

The reason for the widespread application of cluster sampling is that in many surveys, there are no ____ and ____ lists of the people. Cluster sampling is a convenient method.

A

complete; updated

40
Q

This is an example of what type of sampling:
You want to study the bar employees in T. Bay with a sample of n = 50. Yet there is not list of these employees from which to draw a simple random sample. But you obtained a list of all bars in T. Bay, Then you would randomly sample 10 bars and then randomly sample 5 employees within each bar. Here the unit of analysis (employee) is different from the primary sampling unit (the bar).

A

Cluster sampling

41
Q

In ____ ____ sampling, you develop an alternative sampling frame, e.g. communities in T. Bay. Then you use a probability method to sample the communities, and then select:

  • blocks within the community
  • streets in the blocks
  • houses in the streets
  • people in the houses
A

multiple cluster

42
Q 
SEE SUMMARY OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING IMAGES
a. 
b. 
c. 
d.
A

a. simple random sample design
b. aligned systematic sample
c. unaligned systematic sample design
d. clustered, systematic sampling

43
Q

Samples have a ____ just like a population does.

A

distribution

44
Q

____ ____ is a term used to describe the level of accuracy for representing the population.

A

Sampling error

45
Q

We measure the accuracy of our statistics in terms of ____ __ ____ that the results fall within a specified interval (e.g. conventionally, we are 95% confident that it is within 2 standard errors)

A

level of confidence

46
Q

True or false: The results derived from a sample may be generalized only to the population from which the sample was drawn

A

True

47
Q

Generalization is legitimate if the sample is drawn using a ____ sampling method

A

probability

48
Q

If the results derived from a sample can be generalized to the population from which the sample was drawn, we reach an ____ ____

A

external validity

49
Q

____ ____ is the administration of questionnaires to a sample of respondents selected from the population

A

Survey research

50
Q

True or false: surveys have the advantages in terms of standardization (easy for quantitative analysis), economy and the amount of data that can be collected

A

True

51
Q

Survey research also has the weakness of being ____ and potentially ____

A

artificial; superficial

52
Q

What is secondary data analysis?

A

It is a form of research in which the data collected and processed in one study are reanalyzed in a subsequent study

53
Q

Name and describe the 2 different types of sources for good analysis:

A
  1. Primary: data collected during the research process

2. Secondary: based upon data that were collected by other researchers/organizations

54
Q

True or false: sources of secondary data may be classified into quantitative and qualitative

A

True

55
Q

What are some examples of qualitative sources?

A

biographies, memoirs, newspapers

56
Q

What are some examples of quantitative sources?

A

published statistics (census), survey data

57
Q

The ICPSR (Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research) is the most extensive international source for ____ ____. Derived from the University of Michigan, this source includes hundreds of institutions located on other continents, over 325 colleges and Universities in North America (not LU). ICPSR also carries some qualitative sources, but the data in these sources can be difficult to interpret.

A

secondary data

58
Q

List the four advantages of secondary analysis, which are are obvious and enormous.

A
  1. High quality
  2. The existing data sets for public use are usually large
  3. Low or no cost, saving money and time
  4. Using other sources can also facilitate a comparison with other data samples and allow multiple sets of data to be combined
59
Q

What are the four limitations of secondary analysis?

A
  1. Secondary data often does not permit the process from formulating a research question to designing methods to answer that question
  2. It is also not feasible for a secondary data analyst to engage in the habitual process of making observations and developing concepts
  3. Problem of validity; the variables may be defined differently, not something you wanted to measure
  4. Problem of reliability; also the source may not be trusted
60
Q

____ ____ is a way of transforming qualitative materials into quantitative data

A

Content analysis

61
Q

____ ____ a method of systematically analyzing communications and written documents by creating categories to classify qualitative information

A

Content analysis

62
Q

____ ____ consists of primarily coding and tabulations of the occurrences of certain forms of content that being communicated

A

Content analysis

63
Q

Content analysis is sometimes called ____ ____ when dealing exclusively with text

A

textual analysis

64
Q

What is survivorship bias? (e.g. “Non-vitamin takers are healthier”)

A

Research Methods Test 3 (6 decks)

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