Lecture 14, 15 & 16 Flashcards
A ___ is the entire collection of people with whom your study is concerned.
Population
A ___ is a portion (some elements) or a piece that is representative of a whole.
sample
In social studies, a ___ is a special subset selected from a population for purposes of making inferences about the nature of the population.
sample
Why do we use samples instead of populations in research?
Allows researchers to conduct their studies with more manageable data in a timely manner.
What is a sampling frame?
A list of all the people or objects in the population
If you have no list of your population, you have no sampling frame. If you have no sampling frame, most ___ sampling strategies don’t work.
probability
When do you take a sample?
When the population is too large to work with
True or false: ideally, the sample should represent the population with respect to every variable of interest in the study
True
A sample size of at least ___ is needed for statistical testing in some studies, while more than ___ is needed for some studies.
100; 1,000
In some studies, sample sizes are calculated based on how much ___ ___ you can tolerate (e.g. you want to be 95% confident that your study findings are accurate within plus or minus 5% of the population parameters)
sampling error
The adequacy of the sampling size depends on how ____ your population is with respect to the variables of interest.
homogenous (if they were all identically homogenous than you would only need one of them)
In ___-___ sampling, the chance of being selected is not equal for every person in the population (e.g. people might be selected because they happen to be in a certain place at a particular time or have certain conditions)
non-probability
In ___ sampling, every person in the population has an equal chance of or known ___ of being selected to be part of the sample (e.g. is the sample is 5% of the population, each person has a 1 in 20 chance of being selected)
probability; probability
What are the 4 major types of non-probability sampling?
- Availability (accidental or convenience) sampling
- Purposive or judgmental sampling
- Quota sampling
- Snowball sampling
True or false: most qualitative studies use non-probability sampling
True
True or false: Social research is often conducted in situations where the researcher can select the probability samples used in large-scale surveys
False (they usually cannot)
___ ___ is a non-probability method that selects those who are available or easy to find (e.g. you want to survey homeless people in a community about drug use, but only 3 of the 8 homeless people give you permission to distribute the survey, so you survey those 3 of them)
availability sampling
Availability sampling may be the easiest one, but it is also the lowest in ____
reliability
____ ____ is a sampling method in which elements are chosen based on the purpose of the study.
Purposive sampling
In ____ ____ you _____ select those respondents who would be able to answer your research questions, based on your own knowledge of the population. You may ____ select atypical cases (e.g. clients who have been particularly successful or unsuccessful in a treatment program)
purposive sampling; purposefully; purposefully
Purposive sampling may include the ___ population of some limited group (e.g. One Year HBSW students) or a ____ of the population (one class of the One Year HBSW)
entire; subset
Similar to other non-probability sampling methods, the sample selected with purposive sampling does not represent a ____ population.
larger
True or false: purposive sampling can be exactly what is needed in some cases–study of an organization, or a community
True
____ _____ is designed to avoid the most obvious flaw of availability sampling.
Quota sampling
In ____ ____, the researcher sets ____ to ensure that the sample represents certain characteristics in proportion to their prevalence in the population.
Quota sampling; quotas