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BI316 > Lecture 14 > Flashcards

Lecture 14 Flashcards

1
Q

What is nephrotoxixty?

A

It is the rapid deterioration of the kidneys due to toxic effects from drugs

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2
Q

Functions of the kidney:

A

-Excretion via urine
-Regulation of extra cellular fluid volume
-Regulation of electrolyte composition
-Regulation of acid-base balance
-Synthesis and release of hormones

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3
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

The nephron

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4
Q

How does the nephron work?

A

In two steps:
1. Glomerulus filters the blood
2. Tubules return necessary substances to the blood and remove waste

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5
Q

Why is the kidney vulnerable to toxins?

A

-Large blood supply
-Concentration of urine
-Metabolism (reactive intermediates)
-High oxygen demand (susceptible to hypoxia)

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6
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

When the cell doesn’t get enough oxygen

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7
Q

Substances that cause nephrotoxicity?

A

-Metals (cadmium, Mercury, lead)
-Herbicides (Paraguat)
-Organic solvents (toluene)
-Halogenated hydrocarbons (bromobenzene)
-Therapeutic agents (paracetamol)

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8
Q

How is actúe renal failure caused?

A

By the abrupt decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

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9
Q

Acute renal failure can have what effects?

A
  1. Tubular effects which causes obstruction backleak
  2. Vascular effects which causes decreased renal blood flow
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10
Q

What is Paraguat toxicity

A

A herbicide that is toxic to kidney, liver heart and lungs
-It generates free radicals resulting in cell death and can breakdown photosynthesis in plants

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11
Q

What does oronasal breathers mean?

A

Organism that insane through the nose and the mouth e,g Humans

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12
Q

What are conducting airways?

A

-Trachea
-Bronchi

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13
Q

Where does gas exchange occurs

A

Alveoli

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14
Q

Function of the lungs

A
  1. Transport oxygen to other organs
  2. Eliminate CO2
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15
Q

What is the driving force for ventilation?

A

It is the pressure difference between the atmosphere and the intra-pulmonic pressure in the alveoli

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16
Q

Inspiration:

A

Negative active process
-Causes contraction of respiratory muscles

17
Q

Expiration

A

Positive negative process

18
Q

What makes The lungs vulnerable to toxins?

A

-Large surface area
-Oxidative burden
-Rich blood supply
-Primary route of exposure

19
Q

Pulmonary disease caused by toxins:

A

-Pulmonary fibrosis
-Emphysema
-Lung cancer

20
Q

Pulmonary Fibrosis:

A

Caused by Paraquat (herbicide)
Leads to decreased gaseous exchange mechanisms

21
Q

Emphysema:

A

-Caused by Tobacco smoke
-Leads to lungs not effectively exchanging O2 and CO2

22
Q

Lung cancer:

A

Caused by Tobacco smoke
-Leads to formation of a tumor that blocks the airway

23
Q

How may neurotoxicity occur:

A

-Specialized metabolic requirement of the brain
-High energy demand of the brain
-Signal transmission across the extra cellular space
-Spatial extension of the nervous system

24
Q

Types of Neutotoxic injury:

A

-Neuronopathy
-Axonopathy
-Myelinophathy
-Transmission toxicity

25
Q

Neuronopathy:

A

-Caused by Aluminium
-Leads to Dementia

26
Q

Axonopathy:

A

-Caused by acrylamide
-Leads to sensory neuropathy

27
Q

Myelinopathy:

A

-Caused by hexachlorophen (antiseptic)
-Leads to seizures

28
Q

Transmission toxicity:

A

-Caused by nicotine overdose
-Leads to a coma

29
Q

Protection for potential neurotoxins:

A

Blood brain barrier (BBB)

30
Q

Toxic responses of cardiovascular system is caused by:

A

Direct action: Cardiovascular specific toxin
Indirect action: Toxic changes in other organ systems

31
Q

Toxic responses of cardiovascular system leads to:

A

-Structural damage (necrosis)
And
-Functional damage (impaired contractility, abnormal electrical activity)

32
Q

Examples of diseases caused by cardio toxic effects:

A

-Arrhythmia
-Aortic lesions
-Cardio-depression action
-Cardiomyopathy
-Depressed contractility

33
Q

Arrhythmia

A

-If caused by toluene (pain solvents), ketones or halogenated hydrocarbons (aerosols) it leads to a decrease in parasympathetic CNS activity
-If caused by cocaine it inhibits the mitochondria

34
Q

Aortic lesions:

A

-Caused by Mercury
-Results in inhibition of amino acid uptake

35
Q

Cardio depression action:

A

-Caused by antibacterial agents
-Leads to disturbed calcium homeostasis

36
Q

Cardiomyopathy:

A

-Caused by anti-neoplastic agents (anthracyclines)
-Leads to altered calcium handling and toxic metabolite formation

37
Q

Depressed contractility:

A

-Caused by anesthetics (halothane)
-Leads to disturbed calcium homeostasis

BI316 (6 decks)

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