Lecture 14 Flashcards

1
Q

What is nephrotoxixty?

A

It is the rapid deterioration of the kidneys due to toxic effects from drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Functions of the kidney:

A

-Excretion via urine
-Regulation of extra cellular fluid volume
-Regulation of electrolyte composition
-Regulation of acid-base balance
-Synthesis and release of hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

The nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does the nephron work?

A

In two steps:
1. Glomerulus filters the blood
2. Tubules return necessary substances to the blood and remove waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why is the kidney vulnerable to toxins?

A

-Large blood supply
-Concentration of urine
-Metabolism (reactive intermediates)
-High oxygen demand (susceptible to hypoxia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

When the cell doesn’t get enough oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Substances that cause nephrotoxicity?

A

-Metals (cadmium, Mercury, lead)
-Herbicides (Paraguat)
-Organic solvents (toluene)
-Halogenated hydrocarbons (bromobenzene)
-Therapeutic agents (paracetamol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is actúe renal failure caused?

A

By the abrupt decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Acute renal failure can have what effects?

A
  1. Tubular effects which causes obstruction backleak
  2. Vascular effects which causes decreased renal blood flow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Paraguat toxicity

A

A herbicide that is toxic to kidney, liver heart and lungs
-It generates free radicals resulting in cell death and can breakdown photosynthesis in plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does oronasal breathers mean?

A

Organism that insane through the nose and the mouth e,g Humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are conducting airways?

A

-Trachea
-Bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where does gas exchange occurs

A

Alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Function of the lungs

A
  1. Transport oxygen to other organs
  2. Eliminate CO2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the driving force for ventilation?

A

It is the pressure difference between the atmosphere and the intra-pulmonic pressure in the alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Inspiration:

A

Negative active process
-Causes contraction of respiratory muscles

17
Q

Expiration

A

Positive negative process

18
Q

What makes The lungs vulnerable to toxins?

A

-Large surface area
-Oxidative burden
-Rich blood supply
-Primary route of exposure

19
Q

Pulmonary disease caused by toxins:

A

-Pulmonary fibrosis
-Emphysema
-Lung cancer

20
Q

Pulmonary Fibrosis:

A

Caused by Paraquat (herbicide)
Leads to decreased gaseous exchange mechanisms

21
Q

Emphysema:

A

-Caused by Tobacco smoke
-Leads to lungs not effectively exchanging O2 and CO2

22
Q

Lung cancer:

A

Caused by Tobacco smoke
-Leads to formation of a tumor that blocks the airway

23
Q

How may neurotoxicity occur:

A

-Specialized metabolic requirement of the brain
-High energy demand of the brain
-Signal transmission across the extra cellular space
-Spatial extension of the nervous system

24
Q

Types of Neutotoxic injury:

A

-Neuronopathy
-Axonopathy
-Myelinophathy
-Transmission toxicity

25
Neuronopathy:
-Caused by Aluminium -Leads to Dementia
26
Axonopathy:
-Caused by acrylamide -Leads to sensory neuropathy
27
Myelinopathy:
-Caused by hexachlorophen (antiseptic) -Leads to seizures
28
Transmission toxicity:
-Caused by nicotine overdose -Leads to a coma
29
Protection for potential neurotoxins:
Blood brain barrier (BBB)
30
Toxic responses of cardiovascular system is caused by:
Direct action: Cardiovascular specific toxin Indirect action: Toxic changes in other organ systems
31
Toxic responses of cardiovascular system leads to:
-Structural damage (necrosis) And -Functional damage (impaired contractility, abnormal electrical activity)
32
Examples of diseases caused by cardio toxic effects:
-Arrhythmia -Aortic lesions -Cardio-depression action -Cardiomyopathy -Depressed contractility
33
Arrhythmia
-If caused by toluene (pain solvents), ketones or halogenated hydrocarbons (aerosols) it leads to a decrease in parasympathetic CNS activity -If caused by cocaine it inhibits the mitochondria
34
Aortic lesions:
-Caused by Mercury -Results in inhibition of amino acid uptake
35
Cardio depression action:
-Caused by antibacterial agents -Leads to disturbed calcium homeostasis
36
Cardiomyopathy:
-Caused by anti-neoplastic agents (anthracyclines) -Leads to altered calcium handling and toxic metabolite formation
37
Depressed contractility:
-Caused by anesthetics (halothane) -Leads to disturbed calcium homeostasis