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Neural circuits > Lecture 13 - modern questions in learning and memory > Flashcards

Lecture 13 - modern questions in learning and memory Flashcards

1
Q

classical conditioning - food and bell

A

food is unconditional stimulus and salivation is conditional response.
condition stimulus should come before unconditional stimulus

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2
Q

kenyon cells

A

these are third-order neurons which sample second-order neurons to respond very selectively to odours

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3
Q

where do kenyon cells receive their input from?

A

multiple projection neurons that require multiple simultaneous inputs to fire

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4
Q

what do kenyon cells represent?

A

odour identity

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5
Q

odour coding from kenyon cells

A

is sparse so only small fractions respond to odours

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6
Q

what does evidence show about kenyon cells?

A

that they are the site of associative memory storage

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7
Q

what is dopaminergic neurons and kenyon cells involved in?

A

the plasticity at the synpase

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8
Q

dopaminergic neuron and kenyon cell pathway

A

dopaminergic neurons repsond to reward or punishment and this information is carried to kenyon cells which response to odours and cause behavioural output

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9
Q

what does the GAL4/UAS system allow us to do?

A

to artifically express arbitary transgenes in specific cells

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10
Q

split - GAL4 system

A

one half of GAL4 is DNA binding domain and other half is activation domain, can split two halves apart so they are two different proteins and two different genes and put them under different promoters

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11
Q

what is the mushroom body made up of?

A

kenyon cells

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12
Q

how are kenyon cell axons subdivided into compartments?

A

by innervation of mushroom body output neurons (MBONs) and by innervation of dopaminergic neurons (DANs)

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13
Q

what happens when MBONs are activated optogenetically?

A

leads to approach/ avoidance behaviour

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14
Q

what happens when DANs are activated optogenetically?

A

start aversive or appetitive memroy

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15
Q

what activates a reverse memory?

A

particular DAN and GAL4 system and crimson

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15
Q

what activates a reverse memory?

A

particular DAN and GAL4 system and crimson

16
Q

how does learning in flies happen?

A

by weakening the synapses in kenyon cells

17
Q

how to start approach behaviour?

A

weaken the outputs from Kenyon cells

18
Q

what happens if shock precedes the odour?

A

flies will learn backwards
they learn to avoid the odour

19
Q

stimulating MBONs vs DANs

A

stimulate with electrode for MBONs. stimulate DANs using artificial receptor (ATP receptor) then apply ATP on the brain to activate DAN

20
Q

what happens with reward then odour (MBON)

A

means the MBON is potentiating and the response is much bigger

21
Q

what results in synaptic depression?

A

reward and odour at the same time, or reward is slightly after

22
Q

what are the two key receptors of dopamine receptors in kenyon cells?

A

DOPR1 (Gs) and DOPR2 (Gq)

23
Q

DA1 vs Damb

A

DA1 is shock odour and Damb receptor is odour shock

24
Q

what is sign calcium is being released?

A

express GCaMP in ER, if calcium dips down its being released for reward before the odour

25
Q

what signals for both forward and backward pairing?

A

cAMP

26
Q

what is only signalling for backward?

A

ER calcium

27
Q

what happens when odour is first?

A

the Gq is not activated and this is what activates forward learning. calcium is released in backward learning

28
Q

what is also sensitive to calcium?

A

IP3

29
Q

what happens when calcium is before IP3?

A

the channel should not open

30
Q

what happens when no IP3 is bound?

A

one binding spot is open for calcium to bind to and now the IP3 cannot bind

31
Q

what happens when IP3 binds when there is no calcium?

A

other binding spot is open for calcium to bind to and the channels opens. shows temporal asymmetry

32
Q

analogy to cerebellum

A

granule cells are most abundant neuron in the brain
granule cells converge onto purkinje cells
climbing fibres convey error signal of what is wrong

33
Q

what is a cerebellar-like structure?

A

electrosensory lobe in fish

34
Q

electrosensory lobe function

A

use electro-sensation to detect prey by emitting electric fields and sense disturbances in the field
- it depresses its own output signals

Neural circuits (11 decks)

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