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Bio (Exam 3) > Lecture 13 > Flashcards

Lecture 13 Flashcards

Genetics

1
Q

Having the same genes in a pair = ___.

A

homozygous

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2
Q

Having unlike genes in a pair = ___.

A

heterozygous

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3
Q

Expression of genes present (what you see or perceive) = ___.

A

phenotype

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4
Q

Actual genes present, regardless of whether or not they’re expressed = ___.

A

genotype

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5
Q

Hereditary material, ___, is found in ___ organized in units called ___.

A

DNA, chromosomes, genes

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6
Q

Segment of DNA molecule = ___.

A

gene

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7
Q

Each gene codes for the ___ ___ ___.

A

formation of protein

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8
Q

___ control all phases in the life of an organism.

A

genes

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9
Q

On a ___ gene is a second gene for the same trait at the same location.

A

homologous

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10
Q

New combinations of genes occur in ___ ___.

A

sexual reproduction

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11
Q

___ chromosomes look alike and carry genes for the same traits.

A

homologous

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12
Q

Gametes are ___ and contain only one of each ___ ___.

A

haploid, homologous chromosome

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13
Q

The ___ receives ___ ___ ___ of chromosomes from the ___ and ___ ___ ___ of chromosomes from the ___.

A

zygote, one haploid set, egg, one haploid set, sperm

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14
Q

For any genetic trait, organisms have ___ ___.

A

2 genes

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15
Q

An organism receives ___ ___ on a ___ ___ from one parent, and ___ ___ for that ___ trait on a ___ ___ from the other parent.

A

1 gene, specific chromosome, another gene, same, homologous chromosome

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16
Q

Alternate forms of genes = ___.

A

alleles

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17
Q

An organism can have 2 identical ___ for a specific characteristic, making it ___.

A

alleles, homozygous

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18
Q

An organism can have 2 different ___ for a specific characteristic, making it ___.

A

alleles, heterozygous

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19
Q

For each trait, one ___ generally masks the other, or is ___ over it.

A

allele, dominant

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20
Q

The non-dominant allele is called ___.

A

recessive

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21
Q

Father of genetics who studied inheritance in the middle of the 1800s = ___ ___.

A

Gregor Mendel

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22
Q

Gregor Mendel was ___ and worked as a ___.

A

Austrian, monk

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23
Q

Mendel’s work was ignored for ___ ___.

A

30 years

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24
Q

Mendel experimented with ___ ___ to demonstrate the principles of ___. They were easy to work with because they ___-___ but are easy to cross.

A

garden peas, heredity, self-pollinate

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25
Q

Mating individuals that differ in only one trait = ___ ___.

A

monohybrid cross

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26
Q

Mendel made many ___ ___ and followed the offspring for at least ___ generations.

A

monohybrid crosses, 2

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27
Q

Mendel crossed a pea plant that only produced ___ ___ with one that only produced ___ ___ - a ___ ___. These plants were ___, or the ___ ___.

A

yellow seeds, green seeds, monohybrid cross, P, parental generation

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28
Q

The offspring from the green-yellow ___ ___ were called the ___ ___, or ___ ___ ___, and produced only ___ ___.

A

monohybrid cross, F1 generation, first filial generation, yellow seeds

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29
Q

Mendel allowed the ___ ___ to ___-___.

A

F1 generation, self-pollinate

30
Q

The ___ ___ developed seeds in a ratio of about ___ yellow to ___ green.

A

F2 generation, 75%, 25%

31
Q

Homozygous yellow plant = ___.

A

YY

32
Q

Homozygous green plant = ___.

A

yy

33
Q

Heterozygous yellow plant = ___.

A

Yy

34
Q

A mating experiment between 2 organisms that are identically hybrid for 2 traits = ___ ___.

A

dihybrid cross

35
Q

Understanding ___ ___ and what they do explains how genes function.

A

nucleic acids

36
Q

Nucleic acids are composed of repeating units called ___.

A

nucleotides

37
Q

DNA = ___ ___.

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

38
Q

RNA = ___ ___.

A

ribonucleic acid

39
Q

Nucleotides contain a ___ (either ribose or deoxyribose), a ___ ___, and a ___ ___.

A

sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

40
Q

A phosphate group looks like ___.

A

PO4

41
Q

The sugar in a nucleotide can be either ___ or ___.

A

ribose, deoxyribose

42
Q

The nitrogenous bases are ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___.

A

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil

43
Q

___ is a nitrogenous base that is only in DNA.

A

thymine

44
Q

___ is a nitrogenous base that is only in RNA.

A

uracil

45
Q

The purine bases are ___ and ___.

A

adenine, guanine

46
Q

The pyrimidine bases are ___, ___, and ___.

A

cytosine, thymine, uracil

47
Q

The ___ of the ___ in DNA makes up the ___ ___.

A

sequence, bases, genetic code

48
Q

DNA exists as a ___ ___ ___ that is twisted into a ___.

A

double stranded molecule, helix

49
Q

The sides of DNA’s helix are composed of ___ and ___.

A

sugars, phosphates

50
Q

In DNA, ___ ___ ___ extend across the molecule.

A

pairs of bases

51
Q

In DNA, ___ matches with ___ and ___ matches with ___.

A

adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

52
Q

RNA is a ___ ___ ___.

A

single stranded molecule

53
Q

RNA is involved in the ___ ___ ___ by carrying out the instructions coded on the ___ ___.

A

manufacture of proteins, DNA molecule

54
Q

mRNA = ___ RNA

A

messenger

55
Q

rRNA = ___ RNA

A

ribosomal

56
Q

tRNA = ___ RNA

A

transfer

57
Q

Copying a segment of nucleic acid, such as DNA, into RNA = ___.

A

transcription

58
Q

A segment of the ___ molecule is used as a template / model for ___ of a molecule of ___.

A

template, model, synthesis, mRNA

59
Q

___ carries information for a protein out to the ___.

A

mRNA, cytoplasm

60
Q

In transcription, ___ attaches to a ___.

A

mRNA, ribosome

61
Q

After a segment of it is used for a molecule of ___, the ___ rewinds and the ___ leaves the ___.

A

mRNA, DNA, mRNA, nucleus

62
Q

Every ___ bases on the ___ is called a ___.

A

3, RNA, codon

63
Q

Each ___ specifies an ___ ___.

A

codon, amino acid

64
Q

In translation, an ___ molecule is translated into a ___.

A

mRNA, protein

65
Q

In translation, an ___ molecule is read ___ ___ ___ to form a ___ ___ ___ ___.

A

mRNA, codon by codon, chain of amino acids

66
Q

Amino acids are carried to the ___ by ___.

A

ribosome, tRNA

67
Q

tRNA molecules bring the ___ ___ to the ___.

A

amino acids, ribosome

68
Q

As the ___ is translated, the ___ ___ ___ ___ ___.

A

mRNA. chain of amino acid elongates

69
Q

Genetic code and protein synthesis isn’t the same in all living organisms. T/F?

A

F

70
Q

One organism can understand the genetic instructions of another organism. T/F?

A

T

71
Q

Using tools of ___ ___, scientists can transfer genes from one organism to another.

A

genetic engineering

Bio (Exam 3) (6 decks)

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