Lecture 13 Flashcards
Genetics
Having the same genes in a pair = ___.
homozygous
Having unlike genes in a pair = ___.
heterozygous
Expression of genes present (what you see or perceive) = ___.
phenotype
Actual genes present, regardless of whether or not they’re expressed = ___.
genotype
Hereditary material, ___, is found in ___ organized in units called ___.
DNA, chromosomes, genes
Segment of DNA molecule = ___.
gene
Each gene codes for the ___ ___ ___.
formation of protein
___ control all phases in the life of an organism.
genes
On a ___ gene is a second gene for the same trait at the same location.
homologous
New combinations of genes occur in ___ ___.
sexual reproduction
___ chromosomes look alike and carry genes for the same traits.
homologous
Gametes are ___ and contain only one of each ___ ___.
haploid, homologous chromosome
The ___ receives ___ ___ ___ of chromosomes from the ___ and ___ ___ ___ of chromosomes from the ___.
zygote, one haploid set, egg, one haploid set, sperm
For any genetic trait, organisms have ___ ___.
2 genes
An organism receives ___ ___ on a ___ ___ from one parent, and ___ ___ for that ___ trait on a ___ ___ from the other parent.
1 gene, specific chromosome, another gene, same, homologous chromosome
Alternate forms of genes = ___.
alleles
An organism can have 2 identical ___ for a specific characteristic, making it ___.
alleles, homozygous
An organism can have 2 different ___ for a specific characteristic, making it ___.
alleles, heterozygous
For each trait, one ___ generally masks the other, or is ___ over it.
allele, dominant
The non-dominant allele is called ___.
recessive
Father of genetics who studied inheritance in the middle of the 1800s = ___ ___.
Gregor Mendel
Gregor Mendel was ___ and worked as a ___.
Austrian, monk
Mendel’s work was ignored for ___ ___.
30 years
Mendel experimented with ___ ___ to demonstrate the principles of ___. They were easy to work with because they ___-___ but are easy to cross.
garden peas, heredity, self-pollinate
Mating individuals that differ in only one trait = ___ ___.
monohybrid cross
Mendel made many ___ ___ and followed the offspring for at least ___ generations.
monohybrid crosses, 2
Mendel crossed a pea plant that only produced ___ ___ with one that only produced ___ ___ - a ___ ___. These plants were ___, or the ___ ___.
yellow seeds, green seeds, monohybrid cross, P, parental generation
The offspring from the green-yellow ___ ___ were called the ___ ___, or ___ ___ ___, and produced only ___ ___.
monohybrid cross, F1 generation, first filial generation, yellow seeds
Mendel allowed the ___ ___ to ___-___.
F1 generation, self-pollinate
The ___ ___ developed seeds in a ratio of about ___ yellow to ___ green.
F2 generation, 75%, 25%
Homozygous yellow plant = ___.
YY
Homozygous green plant = ___.
yy
Heterozygous yellow plant = ___.
Yy
A mating experiment between 2 organisms that are identically hybrid for 2 traits = ___ ___.
dihybrid cross
Understanding ___ ___ and what they do explains how genes function.
nucleic acids
Nucleic acids are composed of repeating units called ___.
nucleotides
DNA = ___ ___.
deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA = ___ ___.
ribonucleic acid
Nucleotides contain a ___ (either ribose or deoxyribose), a ___ ___, and a ___ ___.
sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
A phosphate group looks like ___.
PO4
The sugar in a nucleotide can be either ___ or ___.
ribose, deoxyribose
The nitrogenous bases are ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___.
adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil
___ is a nitrogenous base that is only in DNA.
thymine
___ is a nitrogenous base that is only in RNA.
uracil
The purine bases are ___ and ___.
adenine, guanine
The pyrimidine bases are ___, ___, and ___.
cytosine, thymine, uracil
The ___ of the ___ in DNA makes up the ___ ___.
sequence, bases, genetic code
DNA exists as a ___ ___ ___ that is twisted into a ___.
double stranded molecule, helix
The sides of DNA’s helix are composed of ___ and ___.
sugars, phosphates
In DNA, ___ ___ ___ extend across the molecule.
pairs of bases
In DNA, ___ matches with ___ and ___ matches with ___.
adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
RNA is a ___ ___ ___.
single stranded molecule
RNA is involved in the ___ ___ ___ by carrying out the instructions coded on the ___ ___.
manufacture of proteins, DNA molecule
mRNA = ___ RNA
messenger
rRNA = ___ RNA
ribosomal
tRNA = ___ RNA
transfer
Copying a segment of nucleic acid, such as DNA, into RNA = ___.
transcription
A segment of the ___ molecule is used as a template / model for ___ of a molecule of ___.
template, model, synthesis, mRNA
___ carries information for a protein out to the ___.
mRNA, cytoplasm
In transcription, ___ attaches to a ___.
mRNA, ribosome
After a segment of it is used for a molecule of ___, the ___ rewinds and the ___ leaves the ___.
mRNA, DNA, mRNA, nucleus
Every ___ bases on the ___ is called a ___.
3, RNA, codon
Each ___ specifies an ___ ___.
codon, amino acid
In translation, an ___ molecule is translated into a ___.
mRNA, protein
In translation, an ___ molecule is read ___ ___ ___ to form a ___ ___ ___ ___.
mRNA, codon by codon, chain of amino acids
Amino acids are carried to the ___ by ___.
ribosome, tRNA
tRNA molecules bring the ___ ___ to the ___.
amino acids, ribosome
As the ___ is translated, the ___ ___ ___ ___ ___.
mRNA. chain of amino acid elongates
Genetic code and protein synthesis isn’t the same in all living organisms. T/F?
F
One organism can understand the genetic instructions of another organism. T/F?
T
Using tools of ___ ___, scientists can transfer genes from one organism to another.
genetic engineering
