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Bio*1090 Part 2 Flashcards > Lecture 13 > Flashcards

Lecture 13 Flashcards

1
Q

What does it take to make a cell?

A

Information, chemistry, compartments

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2
Q

What is information within a cell?

A

DNA

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3
Q

What do all cells posses?

A

DNA - the hereditary material of genes and RNA - which provides the information necessary to build various proteins (enzymes, channels, receptors)

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4
Q

What occurs during DNA replication?

A

Information is transferred from one DNA molecule to the other.

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5
Q

What occurs during transcription?

A

Information is transferred from DNA to an RNA molecule.

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6
Q

What occurs during translation?

A

Information is transferred from RNA to a protein through a code that specifies the amino acid sequence.

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7
Q

Glia Cells

A

a non neuronal brain cell type

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8
Q

Red Blood Cells

A

cell delivering oxygen to body tissues

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9
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Cells that makes bones

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10
Q

Corneal Keratocytes

A

Cells that make the transparent front part of the eye.

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11
Q

What cell type lacks a nucleus and therefore has no DNA?

A

Mature red blood cells do not contain DNA and cannot synthesis any RNA, therefore it cannot divide and repair.

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12
Q

What is Enucleation?

A

Mechanism by which maturing red blood cells (erythrocytes) eject their nucleus.

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13
Q

Differentiation?

A

The process during development in which multicellular organisms become specialized

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14
Q

What is an example of differentiation?

A

A stem cell turning into a sex cell, fat cell, bone cell, etc.

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15
Q

What are the building blocks of life?

A

Amino acids, lipids and nucleic acids

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16
Q

What is the Miller-Urey Experiment?

A

Chemical experiment that stimulated the conditions thought to exist on early earth and to test the chemical origin of life under those conditions.

17
Q

What is Oparin’s and Haldane’s primordial soup hypothesis?

A

Putative conditions on the primitive earth favoured chemical reactions that synthesized more complex organic compounds from simple organic precursors

18
Q

What does the chemical origin of life equal?

A

Abiogenesis (compound - nitrogen, ammonia, methane, water + energy = single organic compound)

19
Q

What does the first group of intermediate products (ex. formaldehyde hydrogen cyanide) + energy produce?

A

Second group of intermediate products (urea, formic acid, amino acids)

20
Q

What can amino acids be generated in?

A

Conditions that mimic those of the early Earth

21
Q

What can other chemical reactions generate?

A

Simple sugars, the bases found in nucleotides and the lipids needed to form primitive membranes

22
Q

What is a compartment?

A

A single or double lipid layer membrane

23
Q

What are examples of cellular compartments?

A

Mitochondria, chloroplasts, the cell nucleus, vesicles and endoplasmic reticulum.

24
Q

What are some fundamental roles that compartments play a role in?

A

Establishing physical boundaries that enable the cell to carry out different metabolic activities.

Generate a microenvironment to spatially and temporally regulate biological processes.

25
Q

Who was Robert Hooke?

A

An English scientists who contributed to the improvement of the microscope and explored the structure of snowflakes, fleas, lice and plants.

26
Q

Who are the two scientists credited for the Cell Theory?

A

Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theordor Schwann

27
Q

What are the three tenets of Cell Theory?

A
  1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
  2. The cell is the most basic unit of life.
  3. All cells arise ONLY from pre existing cells
28
Q

What are the basic properties of cells?

A

Highly complex and organized

Activity controlled by a genetic program

Can reproduce

Assimilate and utilize energy

Carry out chemical reactions (enzymes)

Engage in mechanical activities

Respond to stimuli

Capable of self-regulation

They evolve

29
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Single cell organisms that lack a defined nucleus
- Divided into Archaea and Bacteria

30
Q

What is the size of a prokaryote?

A

1 - 10 microns

31
Q

What are some characteristics of a Prokaryotic cell?

A
  • No nucleus or organelles
  • Ribosomes are present but small
  • Reproduce asexually
  • Genetic material nucleoid
32
Q

What are organisms that have eukaryotic cells?

A

Protoza, Fungi, plants and animals

33
Q

What is the size of a eukaryotic cell?

A

Typically around 10 - 100 microns

34
Q

What are some characteristics of Eukaryotic cells?

A

Ribosomes are large

Nucleus and organelles

Genetic material found in nuclear compartment and arranged as chromosomes

35
Q

What is only found in animal cells?

A

Lysosomes and Microvilli

36
Q

What is only found in plant cells?

A

Cell walls, vacuoles, chloroplasts and plasmodesmata

Bio*1090 Part 2 Flashcards (3 decks)

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