Lecture 13 Flashcards

1
Q

What is autophagy?

A

An important degradation pathway to eliminate degraded organelles (e.g., mitochondria) and materials
- Important for cell renewal and organ homeostasis

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2
Q

What do autophagosomes do when autophagy is induced?

A

Autophagosomes containing double membranes fuse with lysosomes
- Little is known on how this process is regulated, including the initiation of autophagosome formation

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3
Q

How many ATG (autophagy-related) genes have been identified?

A

32

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4
Q

Where are defects in autophagy seen?

A

Cancer and neurodegenerative diseases

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5
Q

What are the types of autophagy?

A

Nonselective and selective

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6
Q

What is nonselective autophagy?

A

Bulk of cytoplasm is engulfed by autophagosomes (e.g., starvation/fasting conditions)

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7
Q

What is selective autophagy?

A

Less cytoplasm but contains organelles and cell material that is defective (e.g., ER, ribosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria)

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8
Q

Where have most autophagy studies been conducted?

A

In animals or cell culture

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9
Q

What does exercise/resistance do?

A

Increases autophagy rates, mitochondrial number, and blocks sarcopenia (muscle loss)

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10
Q

What are the autophagy stages?

A

1) Induction of autophagy
2) Nucleation, elongation, and assembly of autophagosome (phagophore)
3) Loading of the autophagosome with cellular materials/organelles
4) Docking and fusion of autophagosomes with lysosome - autolysosome
5) Degradation and release of materials into cytoplasm

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11
Q

How does BAG6/BAT3 modulate autophagy?

A

By affecting EP300/p300 intracellular localization

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12
Q

What autophagy rates play roles in a variety of diseases?

A

Low

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13
Q

How does increased exercise affect autophagy?

A

Increases cell survival and decreases apoptosis
- Decreases levels of misfolded proteins and aggregation
- Ultimate decrease of proteostasis impairment

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14
Q

How many pathways are there for lysosome targeting?

A

Three

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