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Immunology > Lecture 12 - Vaccination > Flashcards

Lecture 12 - Vaccination Flashcards

1
Q

define Vaccine

A

material from a microorganism that induces immunologically mediated protection from disease OR cancer OR autoimmune disease, allergy, fertility

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2
Q

When did Edward Jenner vaccinate boy with cowpox (which was changed to vaccina virus)?

A

1796

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3
Q

When did smallpox vaccination become compulsory in England?

A

1853

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4
Q

When was the last case of smallpox and when was it officially eradicated?

A

Last case 1977

Eradicated 1979

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5
Q

Why was smallpox eradication a success?

A
  • only infects humans (no resevoir host)
  • vaccination confers 100% immunity
  • No antigenic variation
  • all infected individuals show disease (no carriers)
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6
Q

Has Menigococcus C conjugate vaccine been successful?

A

since immunisation in Nov 1999 number of cases caused by serogroup C of menigococcus has dropped to a baseline, v rare. However doesn’t protect against disease caused by serogroup B

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7
Q

What are the four types of immunisation?

A

Passive natural - e.g. placental transfer of maternal IgG
Passive artificial - e.g. human normal serum IgG -hyper immune system
Active natural - e.g. natural infection
Active artificial - e.g. immunisation

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8
Q

What is passive immunisation?

A

-transfer of antibody from one individual to another

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9
Q

What are examples of passive natural immunisation?

A

via placenta
-Foetus recieves maternal IgG
-transfer of IgG antibodies against toxins (e.g. tetanus diptheria), virus (measles, polio) and bacteria (Haemophilus)
-lasts around 3 months
via colostrum (breast milk)
-contains lysozyme, interferons and some leukocytes
-high conc of IgA
-IgA results from stimulation of B cells in mothers intestine and migration to breast
-antibodies to intestinal microbes high in colostrum

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10
Q

What are examples of artificial passive immunisation?

A

Heterologous immunisation (different host)
e.g. WWI (1914 - 18) anti-tetanus serum from horses
-protection brief but more powerful than human serum
-problems : catabolised and removed by recipients immune mechanisms
Homologous (same host)
-Polyclonal e.g. serum: -multiple Antibody isotopes, multiple antigenic targets diversity
-Monoclonal, single antibody isotope and single antigenic target, can be manufactured

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11
Q

What are PASTEURs 3 i’s of effective immunisation?

A

1) isolate
2) inactivate
3) inject

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12
Q

What features must an effective vaccine have?

A

1) Safe - not cause illness/death
2) Protective - must protect against illness resulting fron infection with live pathogen
3) Give sustained protection - last for several years
4) Induce neutralising antibody - essential to protect against infection of cells that cannot be replaced e.g. polio
5) practical considerations e.g. low cost, biological stability, ease of administration, few side effects

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13
Q

How much progress has been made in vaccination creation?

A

1795-1925 = 3 vaccines
1925 - 1990 = 56 vaccines
1990-2000 = 10 vacines

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14
Q

How does timing of vaccine depend on maturation of immune response?

A
  • most susceptible to immune response in 1st year of life

- but cannot vaccinate too early as child will not have developed enough immune system aquired effects

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15
Q

What are the properties of live attenuated vaccinations?

A
  • one dose to acheive substantial immune response
  • similar to natural infection
  • good for cell mediated response
  • antigen processed and presented on CD4 and CD8 cells
  • leads to antibody production
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16
Q

What is attenuation?

A

an altered pathogen that doesn’t cause disease, grows in host transiently

17
Q

How can attenuated pathogens be created?

A
  • Grow in abnormal conditions (e.g. BGC, cold)
  • Culture in an innapropriate host cell to induce mutations (e.g sabin polio vaccine) can mutate back to original host
  • genetically engineer an attenuated vaccine
18
Q

What is the process of creating a vaccine by culture in an innapropriate host?

A

1) pathogen virus isolated from a patient and grown in human cultured cells
2) cultured virus used to infect monkey cells
3) virus aquires many mutations that allow to grow well in monkey cells
4) virus no longer grows well in human cells and can be used a vaccine

19
Q

How can you genetically engineer an attenuated vaccine?

A

1)isolate pathogenic virus
2)isolate vir gene
CAN EITHER
a) mutate vir gene
b)delete virulence gene
Resulting virus is viable, immunogenic but avirulent

20
Q

What are properties of killed/dead vaccines?

A

-several boosters required to acheive substantial immune response
-good for antibody production
-useless for production of CD4 and CD8 cells
as not mimiking natural infection e.g. Tetanus vaccine produces antibodies against toxins but can still live inside person, detect toxin not infection
-inactivation must preserve structure of immunological epitope

21
Q

How can you kill a pathogen without ruining the structure of the immunological epitope?

A

chemical such as formaldehyde or alkylating components

22
Q

What is the immune response to polysaccharide vaccines, which require a T cell antigen

A

1) capsular polysaccharides are conjugated to T cell antigen
2) membrane bound antibody on B cell recognises saccharide and internalises conjugate through phagocytosis e.g. streptococcus pheumonia, Neisseia menigitidis
3) peptides from T cell agonist presented via MHCII to TCR on CD4+ T cell
4) leads to release of cytokines from CD4+ cell which act on B cell release antibody

23
Q

What are future vaccination strategies?

A
  • identify new antigens, reverse vaccinology through genome sequencing
  • subunit/sythetic peptide vaccines
  • live vectors carrying recombinant proteins
  • site specific delivery
  • new adjuvants/immune components
  • DNA vaccines
24
Q

What are the properties of adjuvants?

A
  • important component of killed/dead vaccine
  • materials used to boost adaptive immune response
  • act on innate immune response, ‘gunk’ prompts IIR leading to AIR
25
Q

What are the main types of action of adjuvants?

A

1) act as depot enhacing the time for APCs to find them
2) stimulate IIR cells to make cells as they think they’ve recognised pathogen, release cytokines
3) transport of antigen into lymph nodes

26
Q

What is a DNA vaccine?

A

DNA from pathogen into empty plasmid constructed plasmid injected

27
Q

How are DNA vaccines induced into host cells?

A

1) syringe and needle electrodes inserted into selected muscle tissue, DNA vaccine injected
2) controlled millisecond electrical pulses applied to needle electrodes to form electrical field
3) EF creates temporary opening in cell membrane allowing greater amounts of DNA to enter cells
4) trapped DNA enables cells to produce antigen design to control cancer and chronic infections

28
Q

How do DNA vaccines enable cells to produce antigen?

A

1) plasmid vector taken up into cells and transcribes in nucleus
2) ssmRNA translated into protein in cytoplasm
3) DNA vaccine-derived protein antigen degraded by proteasomes into intracellular peptides
4) vaccine derived peptide binds MHCI molecules
5) peptide antigen/MHCI complex presented on cell surface, binds cytotoxic CD8 lymphocytes inducing cell mediated response

29
Q

What is the process by which cancer vaccines work?

A

1a) Tumour RNA inserted into dendritic cell OR
1b) Tumour antigen inserted into dendritic cell
2) dendritic cell matures, produces tumour antigens and injected back into patient
3) dendritic cell displays tumour antigen and activates T cells
4) activated T cells attack cancer cells

30
Q

What is the process by which edible vaccines work?

A

1) antigen taken up by APC in intestine
2) antigen processes and presented to T and B cells in lymph nodes
3) clonal division in LN and migration to gut mucosae
4) IgA produced by gut against antigen

Immunology (13 decks)

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