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PSY 111 Final > Lecture 12 Review > Flashcards

Lecture 12 Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of chemical communications?

A

Neurotransmission, diffuse modulatory, autonomic, and endocrine

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2
Q

What is the periventricular part of the hypothalamus importance for?

A

Coordinating brain functions with the rest of the body

  • circadian cycles (diffuse mod)
  • ANS
  • endocrine regulation
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3
Q

what does the SCN help coordinate? How does it do it?

A

Coordinates circadian rhythms by using mRNA-junctions

  • cells coupled by gap junct
  • it receives direct retinal innervation and projects to the brainstem to use the diffuse modulatory systems to coordinate the brain
  • reticular formation controls transitions between sleep states
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4
Q

What are the NT used to ensue brain states?

A

Ach, 5HT, DA, Ne

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5
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

A

the peripheral organ systems

  • cardiovascular/lungs, gastrointestinal/digestive, reproductive
  • it acts like a diffuse modulatory system throughout the body
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6
Q

Describe the sympathetic NS

A

fight or flight

  • decreases digestion, increases respiratory function, increases HR and BP, makes glucose available
  • preganglionic NT = Ach
  • postganglionic NT = NE
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7
Q

Describe the parasympathetic NS

A

rest and repose

  • reverses the effects of the sympathetic nervous system
  • stores and conserves energy
  • pre and postganglionic NT = Ach
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8
Q

When do the para and sympathetic nervous system work together?

A

During sex

  • parasympathetic during arousal
  • sympathetic during orgasm
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9
Q

What brain structure if critical for regulation of the ANS

A

the hypothalamus

- integrates forebrain/body states via hormones

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10
Q

What is the importance of the endocrine glands to the body?

A

they are involved in coordinating cell activity in every part of the body by releasing hormones

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11
Q

What’s the difference between neurotransmitters and hormones?

A

Hormones can be transported through the blood

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12
Q

What are the two types of hormones in the endocrine system?

A

Peptide and steroid hormones

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13
Q

What is there difference between a peptide hormone and a peptide neurotransmitter?

A

a peptide hormone has control of release and route to the target cell

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14
Q

Describe the characteristics of a peptide hormone receptor

A 
all cell surface proteins
- do NOT enter the target cell
all receptors have enzymatic activity 
- kinases = phosphorylate 
- phosphates = dephosphorylates 
- can be directly enzyme coupled
- can be G protein couples (initiates transcription)
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15
Q

Describe the characteristics of a steroid hormone

A
  • all derived from cholesterol and are lipid soluble
  • cannot be stored, released when synthesized
  • levels of steroid regulated by control of synthetic enzyme activity that converts cholesterol to hormones (i.e. phosphorylation)
  • the response to “release signal” is slow and prolonged
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16
Q

What are steroid receptors like?

A
  • act as transcription factors
  • can be in the cell
  • can be localized onto membrane
    • this allows for second messenger systems (much faster)
17
Q

Describe the effects that steroid hormones can have

A
  • can impact neurotransmission by modulating receptor responses
  • can modulate channel-receptors and G protein coupled receptors
18
Q

What is the relationship between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary? Together, what do they do?

A
  • the hypothalamus have axons that project onto the posterior pituitary
  • together they regulate many peripheral endocrine glands
19
Q

What is considered the “master gland” of the endocrine system?

A

the paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

20
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary release?

A

Vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin

21
Q

Describe oxytocin and how it affects the body

A
  • its levels increase during sexual and intimate behaviors
  • it promotes social bonding
  • causes the uterus to contract during labor and stimulates milk in mammary glands
22
Q

Describe vasopressin and how it affects the body

A

regulates blood volume and [salt]
- acts on kidneys
releases renin, which breaks down angiotensinogen I, breaks down into II
- directly affects kidneys and blood vessels to increase BP
- projected to hypothalamus to induce thirst

23
Q

Describe the pathway between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary

A
  • hypothalamus projects through the hypothalamo-pituitary vein
    • carries hormones to AP
  • hypothalamus produces releasing hormones
  • AP produces trophic hormones
24
Q

What does the anterior pituitary do?

A
  • responds to hormones from the hypothalamus and releases trophic hormones into general circulation
  • it sends feedback to the hypothalamus
    • hypothalamus regulates peripheral endocrine glands
25
Q

How do steroids affect sex differences?

A

it influences brain development

26
Q

Describe the stress response

A
  • involves coordination of the ANS and the endocrine systems
    • fast response = ANS (symp)
    • slow response = activation of the hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis (HPA)
27
Q

what are the effects of epinephrine during a stress response?

A
  • increase O2 by increasing HR, respiration, etc
  • increases glucose in blood via glycogenolysis (break down of glucose)
    • more E for muscle contraction
28
Q

How does the sympathetic NS contribute to the stress response?

A

the adrenal medulla acts as a specialized “postganglionic” neuron that release epinephrine into circulation

29
Q

How does stress interact with the HPA?

A

stress activates the HPA and the HPA releases cortisol

30
Q

What are the metabolic phases of the stress response?

A

initial
- epinephrine increases blood sugar levels by activating glycogenolysis in the liver
•glycogen to glucose
HPA activation
- cortisol is released to maintain the blood sugar level via gluconeogenesis
• allows for prolonged elevation of blood sugar

31
Q

How does chronic stress affect the hippocampus?

A

Continuous exposure to cortisol causes hippocampal neurons to wither and die

32
Q

When do glucocorticoids increase?

A

when there is a need for metabolic response

PSY 111 Final (3 decks)

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