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PHARM 321 > Lecture 12 - Intro > Flashcards

Lecture 12 - Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main elements of the immune system?

A

Innate and Adaptive

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2
Q

What are the four main classes of pathogens?

A

Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Parasites (protozoa and Helminths)

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3
Q

What are the physical barriers to infection?

A

Skin, keratinized cells, mucosal surfaces, mucus (acidic glycoprotein and lysozyme), ciliated lung cells

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4
Q

What are the soluble factors in the innate immune response?

A

Bactericidal factors (HCL, lysozyme, defensives, respiratory burst, superoxide, h202)
Complement proteins
Interferon cytokines

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5
Q

What are the two types of interferon cytokines?

A

Type 1 - released from virus infected cells (a/B), induce resistance to viral infections, remove infected cells
Type 2 - released from inflammatory effector lymphocytes (y) to activate macrophages

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6
Q

What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Rubor, calor, dolor, tumor, functio-laesia

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7
Q

What are the main steps in an inflammation response?

A

Wound introduces bacteria.
Resident effector cells secrete cytokines. Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability occur.
Fluid, protein, and inflammatory cells enter tissue from blood.
Tissue becomes inflamed causing cardinal signs.

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8
Q

What are some of the differences between the innate and adaptive immunity?

A 
Response time (hours vs days to weeks)
Recognition of pathogen (fixed vs variable or changing)
Number of specificities (limited and general vs numerous and highly specific)
Response type (constant vs improving or adapting to response)
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9
Q

What are some general characteristics of the adaptive immune response?

A

Kicks in when innate response overwhelmed.
Mediated by WBCs.
Highly specialized defence.
Slower than innate.
Many different receptors involved and these recognize billions of variant pathogenic mlcs.

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10
Q

What is the general concept regarding lymphocyte selection?

A

A progenitor cell differentiates into a multitude of lymphocytes each with a different specificity.
A specific lymphocyte or small set of them binding to a pathogen will be selected for as binding induces proliferation and differentiation into many effector cells.
A large number of pathogen-specific lymphocytes will result to mount a large-scale response to the pathogen.

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11
Q

What are the three main lineages of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells?

A

Lymphoid
Myeloid
Erythroid

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12
Q

What are polymorphonuclear leukocytes / granulocytes?

A

Come from myeloid lineage. Have irregularly shaped nuclei with 2-5 lobes.
Contain granules with reactive substances that kill microorganisms and enhance inflammation.
neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil.

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13
Q

What are small lymphocytes?

A

These come from a lymphoid precursor.
These differentiate into B and T cells involved in the adaptive immune response.
They are almost all nucleus in appearance and similar in size to RBCs.

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14
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

Effector (differentiated) B Cells.
Lymphoid lineage.
Secrete Aby.
Nucleus is pushed to the side with ER pushed to other side.

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15
Q

What are NK cells?

A

Effector cell of Lymphoid lineage.
Involved in defence against virus infected cells.
Contains granules to kill cells infected with viruses.
Secreted cytokines that impede viral replication.
Large granular lymphocyte.

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16
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

Polymorphonuclear granulocyte of myeloid lineage.
Make up 40-75% of leukocytes in healthy individuals.
Effector cell of innate immune response.
Mobilized to enter sites of infection where they die and produce pus.

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17
Q

What are eosinophils?

A

Polymorphonuclear granulocyte.
1-6% of leukocytes in healthy individuals.
Defence against parasites.
Kill Aby coated parasites by releasing granule contents.

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18
Q

What are basophils?

A

Polymorphonuclear granulocyte.

19
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

Main APC in activation of T cells and initiation of adaptive immune response.
Cellular messengers to call up response.
Take intact and degraded pathogens from tissues to lymph organs.

20
Q

What are Mast cells?

A

Granulocyte.
Resident of tissues involved in the Type I hypersensitivity response.
Contain histamine granules among other chemicals.

21
Q

What are monocytes and macrophages?

A

Monocytes make up 2-10% of the leukocytes in healthy individuals, have horse-shoe-shaped nucleus, resident of blood.
Monocytes become macrophages once they enter tissues, which are large irregularly shaped cells involved in phagocytosis and antigen presentation to T cells.

22
Q

What are megakaryocytes?

A

Erythroid lineage.
fusion of multiple precursor cells.
many-lobed cells.
Shed platelets involved in clotting.

23
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

RBCs.
erythroid lineage.
oxygen transport.

24
Q

Which cell types make up the main proportion of leukocytes in blood?

A 
neutrophil (40-75)
lymphocytes (20-50)
Monocytes (2-10)
Eosinophil (1-6)
Basophil (
25
Q

When and where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

Embryo - yolk sac
Fetus - fetal liver and spleen -
birth to adult - bone marrow

26
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

Bone marrow and Thymus

27
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid tissues?

A

Spleen, adenoids, tonsils, appendix, lymph nodes, peyer’s patches.

28
Q

What does GALT stand for?

A

Gut associated lymphoid tissues

Tonsils, adenoids, appendix, peyers

29
Q

What does BALT stand for?

A

Bronchial-associated lymphoid tissues.

Aggregated of less-organized tissues.

30
Q

What does MALT stand for?

A

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.

Mucosal aggregates.

31
Q

Describe lymph nodes and lymphatic tissue and they purpose?

A

Lymph nodes lie at junctions of converging lymph vessels.
Exist to collect ECF that leaks from blood vessels and return to circulation via thoracic duct to subclavian vein.
Screen / filter tissues for pathogens.
Transport driven by physical movement not pump.

32
Q

Describe where small lymphocytes and pathogens meet or how the lymphocytes survey for infection?

A

Small lymphocytes circulate the blood, enter lymph tissues through capillaries, survey lymph nodes for signs of infection, and leave through efferent lymph for return to the blood if no infection is present. If an infection is found, lymphocytes are activated and remain in the node.

33
Q

What are the main parts of a lymph node?

A 
Kidney shaped. 
located at anastomosing junctions
Afferent and efferent lymph vessels
Have blood supply.
Lymphocytes enter via arterial blood. 
T cells populate inner cortex.
B cells form lymphoid follicles in the outer cortex (germinal centres)
34
Q

Describe the cellular traffic in a lymph node during an infection?

A

Activated dendritic cells and bacteria enter via afferent lymph.
Macrophages engulf bacteria, become APC.
APC (macrophages and dendritic cells) in T cell area (inner cortex) activate T cells. Some helper T cells remain in node and stimulate B cells into plasma cells in B cell area. Some T cells (helper, cytotoxic) leave the node via efferent lymph to enter circulation.
Activate B cells form germinal centres in the outer cortex. Antibodies are secreted and enter efferent lymph. Some plasma cells enter circulation to go the the bone marrow where they continue to secrete antibodies. Exiting Aby, effector T cells travel to the site of infection.

35
Q

What is the purpose of the spleen / describe?

A

Red pulp - effete RBCs are removed from circulation.
White pulp centres within red pulp - 2ndary lymphoid tissue.
The spleen acts to survey / filter the blood of pathogens not lymph. There is no lymphoid connections.

36
Q

Describe a the sections of the white pulp in the spleen?

A

There are areas for B and T cells like other lymph nodes.
PALS: periarteriolar lymphoid sheath contains mainly T cells.
B -cell corona + germinal centre.

37
Q

Describe a GALT.

A

Has B and T cell areas like lymph nodes and germinal centre.
Pathogens delivered to tissue through gut lumen epithelium (m cells). Activated lymphocytes leave via efferent lymph to go to mesenteric lymph nodes then back to circulation.

38
Q

What are the main properties of Class I MHC

A

Expressed on all nucleated cells
Survey cytoplasm for infection
Present to cytotoxic CD8 T cells.

39
Q

What are the main properties of Class II MHC

A

Found on cells of the immune system (APC)
B, T, cells
macrophages, dendritic cells
Survey for exogenous antigens that have been endocytosed.
Presentation to T cells.

40
Q

What are the main structural differences between MHC I and II?

A

MHC I:
Single 3 extracellular domain peptide anchored in pm.
Associated smaller non-anchored polypeptide

MHC II:
Two polypeptides with two extracellular domains both anchored in the pm.

41
Q

Distinguish positive from negative selection during the development / maturation of T cells / MHC.

A

There are T cells each with different receptors in the thymus.
T cells that can bind to MHC in the cortical epithelial cells are positively selected for.
In the thymic medulla, negative selection occurs. This ensures that T cells that bind self-peptides (on MHC1) are eliminated.
Negative selection also removed TCR that bind to MHC to tightly (which might react without and antigen present).
The purpose is to create an immune response that does not attack self-tissues.

42
Q

What are the main ways that Aby combat infection?

A

Toxin neutralization, subsequent phagocytosis.
Opsonization and phagocytosis.
Opsonization + complement then phagocytosis.

43
Q

What are the key attributes of the adaptive immune system?

A

Specificity
Memory
Amplification
Modulation

PHARM 321 (11 decks)

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