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PL SC 355 Midterm > Lecture 12 (Barley) > Flashcards

Lecture 12 (Barley) Flashcards

1
Q

Barley acreage and production

A

The second most important cereal crop in Canada
About 2.5 million hectares in 2018
Annual average production 7.99 million tones in 2018
Mostly spring barley
Used primarily as a livestock feed (cattle, hogs), and brewing and malting industry
90% of Canadian barley is grown in the Prairie Provinces
45.3% malting barley in 2018
51.2% feed barley in 2018

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2
Q

What is the difference between 2-row and 6-row barley?

A

Two-row: one spikelet per rachis node

Six-Row: three spikelet per rachis node

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3
Q

What is the difference between hulled and hulless barley?

A

Hulled

  • lemma and palea attached to the seed
  • not removed through threshing
  • approximately 10-15% of the grain weight is hull

Hulless

  • lemma and palea loosely adhere to the seed
  • removed through threshing
  • lower kernel weight, less fiber (non-digestible), improved protein digestibility
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4
Q

Use of barley in Canada

A
  1. Feed livestock (55%)
    - Silage or dry fodder
    - High moisture feed grain
    - Hulless, especially for pig feed
  2. Export (20%)
  3. Malting and distilling (20%)
  4. Seed (2%)
  5. Human food/nutraceuticals (0.01%)
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5
Q

Barley types: Feed barley

A

Definition: anything that does not make grade as malt.

Researchers and producers are trying to change this definition by defining traits that improve animal performance

Currently: industry using bushel weights as indicator of feed quality.

Has little relationship to protein or energy value

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6
Q

Barley types: Silage Barley

A

Ensiling

  • Using the process of fermentation to preserve organic materials (carbohydrates and proteins)
  • Requires exclusion of air

Methods
Cut material so it can be packed easily for the exclusion of air (oxygen)
- adequate moisture (60-70% moisture or 30-40% DM)
- small pieces (0.5 to 3.5 cm)
- Pack tightly
- Cover

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7
Q

When to harvest Silage Barley?

A

Ealier for protein, later for fibre.

  • Moisture level is critical for preservation, but can swath and allow material to wilt (dry-down) in the field prior to ensiling
  • Quality is directly related to maturity, as the plant ages quality declines as fiber levels increase and protein levels decline
  • Biomass will increase until after anthesis (until grain fill is less than leaf loss)
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8
Q

Barley types: High moisture barley

A
  • Grain harvested at high moisture (27% optimum), after kernel filling is complete but prior to dry-down to normal combine moisture (15%)
  • By exclusion of air from the storage pit or bin, grain is protected from decomposition by micro-organisms and oxidation
  • Used as a feed
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9
Q

High moisture barley: Advantages and disadvantages

A

Advantages?

  • Earlier harvest
  • Reduced dust
  • Increased palatability

Disadvantages?

  • Storage containers must be air-tight
  • Cost of transporting
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10
Q

Barley types: Malting Barley

A

Varieties:

  • Recommended List for Malting Varieties
  • Malting and brewing industry have developed a list that indicates market development and acceptance of malting barley varieties

Production:

  • Soil fertilizer recommendations so proteins are not too high but enzymes levels are adequate
  • Must be free from disease, sprouting, staining
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11
Q

What is Malting Barley?

A

Grain that is partially germinated

  • Partial germination allows access to the seed’s resources for brewing
  • Source of sugars fermented into beer
  • Yeast in the beer feeds on this sugar
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12
Q

The Malting process

A
  1. Steeping
    - Increase moisture content to begin germination
  2. Germination
    - Sugars are produced
  3. Kilning
    - Stop germination and create desired colour & flavour
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13
Q

Barley types: 5 Hull-less Barley

A

What is it?

  • Lemma and palea (hull) do not adhere to the kernel and are moved during threshing
  • Grain that can be used for animal feed or human food
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14
Q

Alberta Barley

A

~ 6 Million Tonnes/Year

  • 50% of Canadian Barley
  • Canada – 4th Largest Barley Producer
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15
Q

Barley Adaptation Alberta

A

Sensitive and responsive to the environment

Wide genetic variation

“The most productive and adaptive varieties in a region are those bred in that region”

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16
Q

Barley Days to maturity in Alberta

A
  • The number of days from seeding to harvest
  • Variety, location, season, and date of seeding
  • Lower in the southern part of the province
  • Reduced by late seeding
  • Lower yield from the late sowing
17
Q

Importance of cropping history

A
  • History of repetitive soil erosion by wind or water
  • Serious weed or volunteer grain problems
  • Harbored disease organisms, toxins and insects
  • Residue from a previous canola crop
18
Q

Land topography and soil texture for barley in Alberta

A
  • Any topography
  • Medium textured soils (loams, clay-loams and silty-clay)
  • No yield difference between soil zones (dark brown, thin black, black, grey-wooded)
19
Q

Soil moisture situation in Alberta

A
  • In Alberta, most barley is grown on dryland.
  • About 90 % on stubble land
  • Knowledge of the amount of available moisture
  • 250-300 mm (10-12 in.) of water to produce a satisfactory crop on dryland
  • 390 mm (15.4 in.) of water for feed and 430 mm for malt on irrigated land
20
Q

Frost-free period in Alberta

A

Ranges from 90 to 130 days. Little or no difficulty in maturing the recommended varieties

21
Q

Selecting Barley varieties in Alberta

A

Maturity, Lodging, and Disease resistance.

  • Feed varieties are NOT higher in protein
  • Protein and growing conditions
  • Drought, lodging, disease, and nitrogen fertilizer
  • Optimum growing conditions, maximum yield of plump kernels, high proportion of carbohydrates, and a protein content of 10 to 12 per cent
  • Average protein content in Alberta barley is 12.4% dry basis (from 8% to over 18%)
  • No particular variety is better for straw
    For malting, the choice is limited to acceptable varieties
  • Preference is for two-row malt
  • White aleurone six-row varieties, under contract only
  • Standard varieties: AC Metcalfe, Copeland, Harrington and CDC Kendall
22
Q

Barley Planting strategies in Alberta

A
  1. Tillage
    - Conventional, reduced or zero tillage
  2. Seedbed
    - Firm - to ensure uniform depth of seeding
  3. Seeding rate
    - 180 to 260 viable seeds m2
    - Seeding rate/unit area  kernel weight = weight/unit area
  4. Seeding depth
    - Up to 5 cm deep
    - Shallow for semi-dwarf varieties (2.5 cm)
  5. Time of seeding
    - Earlier the better, especially as you move northward
    - At Lacombe, May 20 is the optimum
  6. Seed source
    - Pedigree seed ensures quality traits
    - Should be weed/disease free
  7. Seed treatment
    - General surface seed treatment especially important for smuts
  8. Variety (cultivar)
    - Selection should be based on marketing decision: malt/hulless/feed
    - Check current varieties pamphlet on seed.ab.ca
  9. Fertilizer
    - Base on marketing decision: malt needs low protein so do not apply too much N; acceptance/premium protein as feed
    - Apply Phosphorous with the seed
    - K not generally needed
    - Copper needed on some soils
23
Q

Do the type and amount of fertilizer depend on the intended end use of the barley?

A

Plant and grain yield, grain quality. Intended end use for the barley.

  • Low soil moisture and nitrogen
  • Phosphorus and the adverse effects of non optimal soil temperatures and root rot
  • Excessive nitrogen supply and grain protein
  • Sulphur
  • Proper balance
  • Potassium for straw strength
  • Adequate phosphorus close to the germinating seed
  • 3-6 days earlier maturity in soils with proper levels of all nutrients, especially phosphorus
24
Q

Fertilizing for barley silage and high moisture grain

A
  • Silage, the maximum amount of plant material
  • High moisture grain, short straw and high grain yield
  • Phosphorus, as well as heavy applications of nitrogen fertilizer
25
Q

Fertilizing for dry-feed and malt

A

Quality feed (well supplied and balanced soils)

Malt

  • Phosphates and other needed nutrients
  • Nitrogen
26
Q

Harvest Strategies for barley in Alberta

A

Silage:

  • Soft-dough stage (approx. 60 - 70 % moisture, 30 - 40% dry matter)
  • Quality is better early (higher protein, lower fibre)
  • Yield is better late (as grain begins to fill)

Swathing:

  • After physiological maturity (approx. 35 - 40%, moisture, 60 - 65% dry matter)
  • Dries faster standing
  • Causes late tillers to dry down, less chance of lodging

Harvesting:
- Combined from swath or directly
Take care to prevent cracking for malt or seed quality
- For high moisture grain direct combine at 25 - 30% moisture

Post-harvest storage:
Dry to < 15% moisture, store at < 50 ºC
- to prevent heating, embryo damage, loss of germination

27
Q

Barley development

A
  • Member of the grass family. Development of buds near the base of the main stem. Two separate root systems, primary and secondary roots.
  • Stage 1, about 6 to 12 days
  • Stages 2-5, an additional 5 or 6 weeks
  • Growing point below the soil until tillering is almost complete
  • Stages 6 to 10, late June or early July
  • Flowering in the boot
  • Grain filling and maturity in August
  • Mature in 80 to 120 days (90 to 95 days in the south, and about 100 to 105 days in central and northern areas)
  • Yield components:
    number of heads per unit area; number of seeds per head; seed weight
  • Thin or thick seeding?
  • Environmental stresses
  • Effects of stress during the flowering stage
28
Q

Barley damage by hail

A
  • Hail before the end of the tillering stage
  • Hail damage after the stem extension or shooting stage
  • Hail after heading
  • Seeding early
  • Early-maturing varieties such as Conlon, CDC Helgason, Manny or Niobe
  • Late April and early May seeding, freezing temperatures
  • Intensity and duration of the freezing period
  • Reseeding
  • Frost in the fall when the crop is filling or maturing
    When crop has filled but has not yet dried
29
Q

Barley Breeding

A
  • Barley is self-pollinated
  • To create genetic diversity, crosses are made manually
  • -a time consuming process
  • -allows selection for desired traits

Objectives

  • yield
  • quality (malt, hulless)
  • resistance: disease, lodging, drought, cold

PL SC 355 Midterm (4 decks)

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