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zAnatomy Exam 3 > Lecture 12 > Flashcards

Lecture 12 Flashcards

1
Q

synovial joint

A
  • bones separated by fluid-filld joint cavity
  • are diarthrotic
  • synovial joints are very mobile so they have less stability…. so we need ligaments
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2
Q

what are the 6 features of the synovial joints?

A
  1. articular cartliage
    • caps at the end of the bone… smooth cap to make smooth movement
  2. synovial caivty
    • space between the two bone that make the join
  3. synovial fluid
    • made by the synovial membrane
  4. jont capsule
    • fibrous layer (external)
    • synovial membrane (inner, makes synovial fluid)
  5. reinforcing ligaments (extra ligments)
  6. nerves and blood vessles (nevers ging throgh)
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3
Q

picture of the 6 features

A
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4
Q

other features of synovial joints

A

fatty pads

articular discs (menisci)

bursae

tendon sheaths

  • protection for bones… we don’t want bones to hit bones
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5
Q

fatty pads

A

cusing between fibrous layer and synovial membrane or bone

sorrounding places where bone come into contact with each other….extra adipose for cushioning

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6
Q

articular discs (menisci)

A

fibrocartilage separates articular surface to improve “fit” of bone ends, stabilize joint and reduce wear and tear

menisci only in knee joint for the femur to have nice snug fit….makes a nice cushion to reduce wear and tear

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7
Q

bursae

A

sace lined with synovial membrane (contain synovial fluid)…any place where we’ll have some tension

reduce friction where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together

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8
Q

tendon sheaths

A

elongated bursa wrapped completely around tendon subjected to frictions

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9
Q

arm and the synovial joint pic

A
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10
Q

knee and synovial joint pic

A
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11
Q

what are the six types of synovial joints

A
  1. plane
  2. hinge
  3. pivot
  4. condylar
  5. saddle
  6. ball and socket
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12
Q

plane joint

A
  • 2 flat structures that slide across one another
  • found in
    • intercarpals joints
    • intertarsal joints
    • joints between vertebral articular surfaces
  • non axial so allows for micromovements
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13
Q

Hinge Joints

A
  • like a door frame
  • uniaxial== flexion and extension is the only movement
  • Found in :
    • elbow
    • knee
    • interphalangeal joint (joint within the finger itself)
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14
Q

pivot joint

A
  • used for pivot motions
  • found in
    • proximal radioulna joints
    • atlantoaxial joints (neck)
  • allows the radius to spin around the ulna
  • uniaxial beacuse only moving in one place, spinning on the long axis of the bone
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15
Q

Condylar joint

A
  • has concave and convex surface
  • biaxial… move in both sagitall and coronal place…
  • allows flexion and extension and abduct and adduction
  • found in:
    • metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints
    • wrist joins
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16
Q

saddle joint

A
  • only found in carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs
  • concave and convex … aloows for the same movement as the condyler ( flexion&extension and abduction&adduction)
  • Thumb attachment to wrist
    *
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17
Q

Ball and Socket Joint

A
  • most mobile and least stable..
  • found in
    • head of humorous sit it socket by scapula (glenoid fossa)
    • head of femur sit in socket by ilium and ishium (acetabelum)
  • multiaxial..
    • flexion and tension
    • adduction and abduction
    • rotation
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18
Q

summary of joints

A
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19
Q

describe the lower limb

A

anchored to the axial skeletron by the acroiliac jont and ligaments

divided into: gluteal region, thigh, leg and foot

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20
Q

nerves

A
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21
Q

Branches of the lumbosacral plexus associated with the lower limb – first 1

A
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22
Q

Ilio-inguinal

A

spinal segment: L1

Motor: none in the lower limb (innervates muscles of abdominal wall)

sensory: skin over anteromedial thigh and adjacent perinum

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23
Q

genitofemoral nerve

A

spinal segment: L1 -:2

motor: none in lower limb (genital branch innervates cremaster)
sensory: skin on anterior central thigh, genital branch innervates skin on anterior perineum

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24
Q

femoral nerve

A

spinal segment: L2- L4

motor: muscles in the anterior compartment of thigh, branches supply iliacus and pectineus
sensory: skin over anterior thing, anteromedial knee, medial leg and medial foot

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25
Q

obturator nerve

A

spinal segment: L2- L4

motor: muscles in the medial compartment of thigh (except pectineus and part of adductor magnus), obturator externus
sensory: skin over upper medial thigh

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26
Q

branches of the lumbosacral plexus associated with the lower limb – part 2

A
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27
Q

sciatic

A

spinal segment: L4 -S3

motor: muscle in posterial thigh, part of adductor magnus (ischium), muscles in the leg and foot
sensory: skin over lateral leg and foot, sole and dorsal surface of foot

28
Q

superior gluteal

A

spinal segment: L4- S1

motor: gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fascia lata
sensory: none

29
Q

inferior gluteal

A

spinal segment: L5 -S2

motor: gluteus maxims
sensory: on

30
Q

lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh

A

spinal segment: L2- L3

motor: none
sensory: parietal peritoneum in iliac fossa, skin over anterolateral thigh

31
Q

posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh

A

Spinal segment: S1-S3

motor: none
sensory: skin over upper medial aspect of thigh and adjacent perineum, post thigh and upper post leg

32
Q

nerve to quadratus femoris

A

spinal segment: L4-S1

motor: quadratus femoris and inferor gemellus
sensory: none

33
Q

nerve to obturator internus

A

spinal segment: L5- S2

motor: obturator internus and superior gemellus
sensory: none

34
Q

perforating cutaneous nerve

A

spinal segment: S2- S3

motor: none
sensory: skin over medial gluteal fold

35
Q

Muscles of the gluteal region

A

superfical group of larger muscles which abducg and extend the hip

gluteus maximus

gluteus medius

gluteus minimus

tensor fascia latae

  • gluteus minimus is the deepest, medius is the middle, tensor fascia latae*
  • ….insers into the IT band*
36
Q
A
37
Q

IT band

A

Ilotibia tract … thick fascia along the later aspect of the thigh

38
Q

Gluteus minimus

A

origin: posterior ilium btween anterior and inferior gluteal lines
insertion: greater trochanter
innervation: superior gluteal nerve
action: abduct femur- stabiliaztion of pelvis during single leg stance

39
Q

gluteus medius

A

origin: posterior ilum between anterior and posterior gluteal lines
inserton: greater trochanter
innervation: superior gluteal nerve
action: abduct femur-stabilization of pelvis during single leg stance
* important for stabilization of pelvis… keep hip stable, and prevent hip from dropping every step*

40
Q

gluteus maximus

A

origin: fascia covering gluteus medius, posterior ilium, fascia or erector spinae, dorsal surface of sacrum, coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament (originates on the ileum and sacrus and to coccyx, fibers run diagonal)

Insertion: posterior ilotibila tract and gluteal tuberosity

innervation: inferiro gluteal nerve
action: extension, lateral rotaton, abduction of hip
* passes over the posterior aspect of hip and allows for extension of hip….diagonial nature of fiber allows it to pass over the lateral aspect of hip to cause abduction and a little rotation*

41
Q

tensor fascia lata

A

origin: lateral cest of ilium between ASIS and tubercle of crest
insertion: Iliotiila tract of fascia lata
innervation: superior gluteal nerve
action: stabilizes knee in extension

42
Q

what are the deep group of small muscle which externally rotate the femur?

A

piriformis

obturator internus

superior gemellus

inferior gemellus

quadratus femmoris

43
Q

Piriformis

A

origin: anterior surface of sacrum
insertion: greater trochanter
innervation: branches S1-S2
action: laterally rotate extneded hip; abduct flexed femur

44
Q

obturator internus

A

origin: anterolateral wall of true pelvis, obturator membrane
insertion: greater trochanter
innervation: nerve to obturator internus
action: laterally rotate extended hip; abduct flexed femur

45
Q

superior gemellus

A

origin: external surface of ischial spine
innertion: superiro surface of obturator internus tendon and greater trochanter
innervation: nerve to obturator internus
action: laterally rotate extended hip, abduct flexed femus

46
Q

Inferior gemellus

A

origin: upper aspect of ischial tuberosity
insertion: inferior surface of obturator internus tendon and greater trochanter
innervation: nerve to quadratus femoris
action: laterally rotate extended hip, abduct flexed femus

47
Q

quadratus femoris

A

origin: lateral aspect of ischium anterior to ischial tuberosity
insertion: quadrate tubercule on intertrochanteric crest
innervation: nerve to quadratus femoris
action: laterally rotate femur

48
Q

picture

A
49
Q

muscles the externally rotate the femur chart

A
50
Q

gluteus chart

A
51
Q

branches of the lumbosacral plexus associated with the lower limb part 1 chart

A
52
Q

branches of the lumbosacral plexus associated with the lower limb

part 2 chart

A
53
Q

Trendelenburg Sign

A

happens in people with weak or paralyzed abductors….

when patient stand on leg, the pelvis drops on the lifted leg side ….seen in patients with superior gluteal nerve damage

gait is abnormal… weakened abductor muscles allow pelvis to tilt, patient compensates by tiliting the trunk the other way to maintain levle of the trunk during gait

54
Q

superior gluteal nerve

A

passes through greater sciatic foramen above piriformis

travels between the gluteus medius and minimus

supplies gluteus medius and minimus

55
Q

sciatic nerve

A

passes through greater sciatic foramen below pififormis

descends between superfical and deep gluteal muscles, enters posterior thigh

innervates all of the muscles of the posterior compartment of thigh and muscles that move ankle and foot

56
Q

ingerior gluteal nerve

A

passes through greater sciatic foramen below pififormis

innervates gluteus maximus

57
Q

Quadratus Femoris

A

passes through greater sciatic foramen below pififormis and deep to sciatic

innerverates quadrtus femoris and inferior gemellus

58
Q

obturator internus

A

passes through treater sciatic foramen below pififormis between post cutaneous and pudendal

innervates obstrurator internus and superior gemellus

59
Q

posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh

A

passes through greater sciatic foramen below piriformis and medial to sciatic

innervates skin over gluteal fold, posterior thigh and parts of perineum

60
Q

pudendal nerve

A

passes through greater sciatic foramen below piriformsis and medial to sciatic

somatic innervation of perineum

no gluteal innervation

61
Q

perforating cutaneous nerve

A

exits the pelvic cavity by piercing the sacrotuberous ligament

innervates skin over medial gluteus maximus

62
Q

Intramuscular injections

A

injection in the upper outer quadrant … to avoid sciated nerve and superior gluteal vessels and nerve

must be careful not to damage neurovascular structures

inject into gluteus medius anterosupeiror to gluteus maximus

63
Q

Inferor gluteal artery

A

originates from anterior trunk of internal iliac artery

exits greater sciatic foramen below pififormis with nerve

supplies surrounding muscles and descends into posterior thing where it anastomoses with branches of femoral artery

64
Q

superior gluteal artery

A

originates from posterior trunk of internal iliac artery

exits greater sciatic foramen above piriformis with nerve

divides in gluteal region…

superifical branch==passes onto deep surface of gluteus maximsu

deep branch== passes between gluteus medius and minimus

65
Q

veins

A

travel with the same named arteries

(inferior gluteal veins and superior gluteal veins)

66
Q

lymphatics

A

deep vessels accompany gluteal blood vessels into the pelvic cavity and drain into internal iliac nodes

superficial drain into superficial inguinal nodes

zAnatomy Exam 3 (3 decks)

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