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Microbio Midterm II > Lecture 11: Taxonomy of Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Lecture 11: Taxonomy of Eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

How do you determine phylogeny for eukaryotes?

A

MLST&18s genes sequencing

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2
Q

True or False. The relationship between 18s rRNA genes is weaker for eukaryotes than 16s RNA for prokaryotes.

A

True

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3
Q

Primary endosymbiosis refers to what?

A

Cell engulfs bacteria->become mitochondrion/chloroplast

Cell form cyanobacteria lineage of bacteria engulfed too

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4
Q

Secondary endosymbiosis refers to what?

A

Cyanobacterial cells diverge to separate lineages
Red algae-> turns into chloroplast (Dinoflagellates/Apicomplexans)
Green algae->turns into chloroplast
(Euglenids/chlorarachniophytes)

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5
Q

What are green algae? (Chlorophytes)

A
  • Closely related to plants, mostly inhabit freshwater
  • can be unicellular or multicellular
  • can reproduce sexually/asexually
  • endolithic algae grow inside porous rocks
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6
Q

What are red algae? (Rhodophytes)

A
  • Mostly marine, some freshwater/terrestrial
  • Mostly multicellular, can be unicellular
  • Unicellular->Galdieria
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7
Q

What gives red algae their colour?

A

Phycoerythrin->accessory pigment

More created by cells @ greater depth

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8
Q

Describe the role of red and green algae in secondary endosymbiosis.

A

Are the precursors of chloroplasts

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9
Q

What is a diplomonad? (Girardia)

A

Eukaryote with 2 nuclei of equal size
Have mitosomes
Lacks ETC and TCA enzymes

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10
Q

What is a parabasalid? (trichomonas)

A

Eukaryote without mitochondria
Have hydrogenosomes (anaerobic metabolism)
contain parabasal body (supports golgi)

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11
Q

What do diplomonad and parabasalids have in common?

A

Both unicellular eukaryotes, flagellated, no chloroplasts, live in anoxic environments

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12
Q

What are amitochondriate eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes without mitochondria. Contain mitosomes of hydrogenosomes instead.

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13
Q

What is a mitosome?

A

Derived from mitochondria, reduced form
No TCA enzymes/ respiratory chain
Involved in maturation of FeS clusters

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14
Q

What is a Hydrogenosome?

A

Present in eukaryotes whose metabolism is strictly fermentative
Oxidizes pyruvate to H2, Co2 and acetate
Sometimes H2 consuming archaea also present (Methanogens)->primary endosymbiosis

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15
Q

What is a cyst?

A

Specialized structure, more protists differentiate into cysts (encysted)
Protect cells from environment
Survive long periods of starvation/dessication
Survive infection by prokaryotes

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16
Q

How does Girardia lamblia cause Giardiasis? (Diplomonad)

A
  1. Food/water is contaminated
  2. Cysts go to trophozoite form in intestine, multiply and go back to cyst form
  3. Cysts and trophozoites passed in stool, only cysts survive
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17
Q

How does trichomonas Vaginalis cause an STI? (Parabasalid)

A
  • Doesn’t survive well outside (doesn’t form cysts)

- Transported through body fluids

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18
Q

What are euglenozoans?

A

Unicellular flagellated eukaryotes

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19
Q

What is a kinetoplastid? (Euglenozoan)

A
  • Contain kinetoplast (mass of DNA in single mitochondrion)

- Live in aquatic environments, feed on bact.

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20
Q

What does Trypansoma brucei cause? (Kinetoplastid)

A

African sleeping sickness (carried by tsetse fly)

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21
Q

What is a Euglenid?

A
  • Flagellate, non pathogenic and phototrophic
  • contains chloroplasts
  • can also feed on bact., lose chloroplast if lives in the dark
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22
Q

What is an aveloate?

A
  • Protist, contain alveoli (sacs under cytoplasmic membrane)
  • May function to help cells maintain osmotic balance
  • contractile vesicle in paramecium
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23
Q

What is a ciliate?

A
  • Posses cilia at some stage of their life
  • Use cilia for motility and to obtain food
  • have two nuclei (macro and micronuclei)
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24
Q

What are Dinoflagellates?

A

Marine/freshwater phototrophic organisms

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25
Q

What are apicomplexans?

A

Obligate parasites of animals
Complex life cycle
1. Sporozoite-> cell that infects new hosts
2. Gametocyte-> gamete forming cells
Contain apicoplasts
Can cause malaria (Plasmodium falciparum)

26
Q

What is an apicoplast?

A

Degenerated chloroplasts

Lack pigments and phototrophic activity, but still carry many anabolic pathways

27
Q

What is a stramenophile?

A

Chemoheterotrophs
Have flagella with many short hairlike extensions
Includes oomycetes, diatoms, golden algae, brown algae

28
Q

What are oomycetes? (stramenophile)

A

Also called H2O molds
Filamentous growth, presence of coenocytic (multinucleate) hyphae=no cell division
Cell walls made of cellulose
(P. infestans=potato famine)

29
Q

What is golden algae? (stramenophile)

A

Phototrophs, also called chrysophytes
Mostly unicellular, some are colonial (form groups)
Chloroplast pigments dominated by carotenoid fucoxanthin

30
Q

What are diatoms?

A

Unicellular/phototrophic
Freshwater/marine habitats
Contain fustules

31
Q

What is a fustule?

A

Cell walls made of silica, proteins, polysacchs. Protect against predation.

32
Q

What are cercozoans?

A

Exclusively marine organisms, unicellular protist
Form ornate shell like structures (tests)
Tests made from organic materials reinforced with calcium carbonate

33
Q

What are radiolarians?

A

Mostly marine, heterotrophic

Test made of silica

34
Q

What are some similarities between cercozoans and radiolarians?

A

Both unicellular, distinguished from other protists by pseudopodia

35
Q

What are amoebozoa?

A

Terrestrial and aquatic protists
Use pseudopodia
Phagocytosis of bact and smaller protists
move by cytoplasmic streaming

36
Q

What are the main groups of amoebozoa?

A

Gymnamoebas, entamoebas, slime molds

37
Q

What are gymnamoebas?

A

Free living amoeba, inhabit soil and aquatic environments

38
Q

What are entamoebas?

A

Parasites of vertebrates and invertebrates

39
Q

What are plasmodial slime molds?

A

several kinds of unrelated eukaryotic organisms that can live freely as single cells, but can aggregate together

40
Q

What is the life cycle of a plasmodial slime mold?

A

Have vegetative forms-> masses of protoplasm
Indefinite shape and size (plasmodium)
Multiple nuclei
1. Sporangium can form, containing multiple haploid spores
2. Spores germinate=swarmer cell
3. 2 swarmer cells can join=diploid plasmodium

41
Q

What are cellular slime molds?

A

Vegetative forms compose of single amoebae (haploid)

Aggregate of multiple amoeboid cells=pseudoplasmodium (slug)-cells do not fuse

42
Q

Whats the difference between cellular and plasmodial slime molds?

A

Cellular=1 cell aggregated

Plasmodial=mass of protoplasm

43
Q

How do cellular slime molds reproduce?

A

When fruiting body formed, cells differentiate into spores

May undergo sexual reproduction to form diploid macrocysts+meiosis

44
Q

True or false. Slime molds are capable of primitive agriculture.

A

true

45
Q

True or false. Fungi are multicellular.

A

True

46
Q

True or false. Slime molds are capable of primitive agriculture.

A

True

47
Q

What are the two different kinds of hypha fungi can have?

A

Cyoenocytic

Separate

48
Q

Whats the difference between coenocytic and separate hyphae?

A

Coenocytic: Cytoplasm and nuclei not subdivided into cells
Separate: Nuclei separated by cross wall

49
Q

What are fungal walls made of?

A

Chitin

50
Q

How do fungi feed?

A

Secrete extracellular enzymes that digest complex organic materials

51
Q

How do fungi create asexual spores?

A

Hyphae that extend above surface produce asexual spores (conidia)-pigmented, resistant to drying

52
Q

What is a conidiophore?

A

Specialized reproductive hyphae

53
Q

How do fungi form symbiotic association with plant roots?

A

Some species of fungi (Mycorrhizae) form close relationships with plant roots =glomeromycetes
Mycorrhizae help plant roots obtain P, in turn fungi obtain nutrients from plant

54
Q

What are ectomycorrhizae?

A

Bacteria that form a sheath around plant root-doesn’t penetrate fungal hyphae embedded in plant root

55
Q

How do fungi cause disease?

A

Form specialized hyphae (haustoria) to penetrate plant cells, consume cytoplasm

56
Q

What is mycoses?

A

fungal infection of animals

57
Q

How do fungi reproduce asexually?

A
  1. Grow and spread hyphal filaments
  2. Asexual reproduction of spores
  3. Simple cell division (budding)
58
Q

How do fungi reproduce sexually?

A

Form sexual spores from fusion of two haploid cells then undergoes meiosis

59
Q

How does S. cerevisae reproduce?

A
  1. Bud into haploid cells
  2. Form two different sexed cells (a and alpha) which undergo cell fusion
  3. Fused cell undergoes nuclear fusion and meiosis =ascus
  4. Creates new haploid ascospores
60
Q

What is an ascospore?

A

Sexual fungal cells (s. cerevisae)

61
Q

What are the three different kinds of fungal spores?

A

Ascospores, basidospores, zygospores.

62
Q

What is lichen?

A

Association between fungi and algae/cyanobacteria

Microbio Midterm II (7 decks)

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