Lecture 11: Sex chromosomes and dosage competition Flashcards
Who first identified the X chromosome in wasp sperm?
Who later discovered the XY pairing in beetle chromosomes?
Hermann Henking (1891)
Nettie Stevens (1905)
sex chromosomes have three other names, what are they?
- Heterosomes
- Allosomes
- Gonosomes
What is a hermaphrodite?
Species that have both male and female reproductive organs.
- some hermaphroditic species can self-fertilize while others require partners
- Some hermaphrodites are males or females at different times in their life cycle (sex reversal in clownfish, bluehead wrasse)
Often in animals, how is sex determined?
Sex determination is associated with a pair of “sex” chromosomes that genetically determine sex
How are three ways in which sex is environmentally determined in some species?
- Temperature during embryonic development (alligators, tuatara, sea turtles)
- Social organization (sex-ration) - most reef fish can change sex during their lifetime
- Some species are parthenogenic: females lay fertile eggs - no male required (walking stick insects, some fish/lizards - sharks in captivity)
What is monoecious?
Are monoecious plants bisexual or hermaphroditic?
Provide an example.
Houses both sexes (male and female reproductive organs) on the same plant but are separated
-two houses
- bisexual (NOT hermaphrodite)
- eg Banana
What is a hermaphroditic plant vs a bisexual plant?
Hermaphrodite flowers have male and female reproductive organs on the same flower
Bisexual (monoecious) plants have both male and female reproductive organs, but they are on DIFFERENT flowers
What is a dioecious plant?
Has only male or female reproductive parts.
Eg holly tree, cannabis
What is interesting about sex determination in clown fish (aka anemone fish)
Able to change sex when exposed to changing conditions
- If dominant female in a group dies, the dominant male becomes the female and the next male in line becomes the dominant male
Define simultaneous hermaphroditism
Individuals possess fully functional male and female gonads
Define sequential hermaphroditism
(give an example of an organism that displays this)
Clownfish:
- fish change sex sometime during its life (either from male to female protandry or from female to male protogyny)
What is protogyny?
Protandy?
- Protogyny: Female to male
- Protandry: Male to female
In some, particularly protandrous (M->F) species, sex change is _______ dependent and eventually every fish in the population will change sex
In some, particularly protandrous (M->F) species, sex change is size-dependent and eventually, every fish in the population will change sex
How is sex determined in alligators?
- Sex is fully determined by the time of hatching
- temperatures of 30C produce all females
- Temp of 34 produce all males
- Natural ration is 5F:1M
What is parthenogenesis?
Where a female can lay fertile eggs - don’t require a male