Lecture 11: Sex chromosomes and dosage competition Flashcards

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1
Q

Who first identified the X chromosome in wasp sperm?

Who later discovered the XY pairing in beetle chromosomes?

A

Hermann Henking (1891)

Nettie Stevens (1905)

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2
Q

sex chromosomes have three other names, what are they?

A
  1. Heterosomes
  2. Allosomes
  3. Gonosomes
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3
Q

What is a hermaphrodite?

A

Species that have both male and female reproductive organs.

  • some hermaphroditic species can self-fertilize while others require partners
  • Some hermaphrodites are males or females at different times in their life cycle (sex reversal in clownfish, bluehead wrasse)
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4
Q

Often in animals, how is sex determined?

A

Sex determination is associated with a pair of “sex” chromosomes that genetically determine sex

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5
Q

How are three ways in which sex is environmentally determined in some species?

A
  1. Temperature during embryonic development (alligators, tuatara, sea turtles)
  2. Social organization (sex-ration) - most reef fish can change sex during their lifetime
  3. Some species are parthenogenic: females lay fertile eggs - no male required (walking stick insects, some fish/lizards - sharks in captivity)
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6
Q

What is monoecious?

Are monoecious plants bisexual or hermaphroditic?

Provide an example.

A

Houses both sexes (male and female reproductive organs) on the same plant but are separated

-two houses

  • bisexual (NOT hermaphrodite)
  • eg Banana
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7
Q

What is a hermaphroditic plant vs a bisexual plant?

A

Hermaphrodite flowers have male and female reproductive organs on the same flower

Bisexual (monoecious) plants have both male and female reproductive organs, but they are on DIFFERENT flowers

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8
Q

What is a dioecious plant?

A

Has only male or female reproductive parts.

Eg holly tree, cannabis

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9
Q

What is interesting about sex determination in clown fish (aka anemone fish)

A

Able to change sex when exposed to changing conditions

  • If dominant female in a group dies, the dominant male becomes the female and the next male in line becomes the dominant male
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10
Q

Define simultaneous hermaphroditism

A

Individuals possess fully functional male and female gonads

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11
Q

Define sequential hermaphroditism

(give an example of an organism that displays this)

A

Clownfish:

  • fish change sex sometime during its life (either from male to female protandry or from female to male protogyny)
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12
Q

What is protogyny?

Protandy?

A
  • Protogyny: Female to male
  • Protandry: Male to female
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13
Q

In some, particularly protandrous (M->F) species, sex change is _______ dependent and eventually every fish in the population will change sex

A

In some, particularly protandrous (M->F) species, sex change is size-dependent and eventually, every fish in the population will change sex

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14
Q

How is sex determined in alligators?

A
  • Sex is fully determined by the time of hatching
  • temperatures of 30C produce all females
  • Temp of 34 produce all males
  • Natural ration is 5F:1M
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15
Q

What is parthenogenesis?

A

Where a female can lay fertile eggs - don’t require a male

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16
Q

X-Y system is based on _________ distinct chromosomes

A

X-Y system is based on morphologically distinct chromosomes

17
Q

In the XX-XY system, what is homogametic and heterogametic?

A

Homogametic - XX = female

Heterogametic - XY = male

18
Q

Mammals use heteromorphic sex chromosomes. What does this mean?

A

The chromosomes look different (ie morphilogically distinct)

19
Q

What are 3 notable mammal species that do not conform to the XY system?

A

Spiny rat and mole vole have lost the Y chromosome and the Sry gene

  • Both males and females are X0

Akodan south American grass mice - females can be either XX or XY

20
Q

How is sex determined in the X0 system?

A

Females will have 22 chromosomes + two X chromosomes (22+XX)

Males will have 22 + X (only one X)

21
Q

How is sex determined in the ZW system?

A

ZZ = male

ZW=Female

Males are homogametic while females are heterogametic (opposite of XY system)

22
Q

How is sex determined in a ploidy system (haplo-diploid system)?

A
  • Females are diploid
  • Males are haploid (monoploid)
    • produced from unfertilized haploid eggs
23
Q

What is the default sex in humans?

A

Female (XX)

X chromosomes have most of the genetic information

24
Q

How are male humans produces?

A

Presence of Y chromosome

  • Y chromosome has genes that encode ‘maleness’
  • SRY/TDF - testis determining factor
  • Gonad tissue is transformed from ovary into testes
  • testosterone is produced
    • turns on other male-specific genes
25
Q

Follow human sex determination in the absence of a Y chromosome (5)

A
  1. No Y chromosome
  2. Gonads develop into ovaries
  3. Ovaries produce estrogen (steroid hormone)
  4. estrogen binds to Estrogen receptor - results in:
  5. Female development
26
Q

Follow human sex determination in the presence of a Y chromosome (what is on the Y chromosome that results in Male)? (6)

A
  1. Y chromosome
  2. Has SRY gene (testis determining factor)
  3. embryonic gonads develop into testis
  4. testis produce steroid hormone testosterone
  5. testosterone binds to testosterone receptor (AR = androgenous receptor)
  6. Active AR triggers male development
27
Q

What are bipotential gonads?

A

Produced by embryo - have the potential to go in either direction (hence bipotential)

  • ie can become male or female
28
Q

In the presence of SRY gene (on Y chromosome) the bipotential gonads develop into ________ cells and then into _________cells. This occurs at ~___ weeks after conception

A

In the presence of SRY gene (on Y chromosome) the bipotential gonads develop into sertoli cells and then into leydig cells

This occurs at ~5 weeks after conception

29
Q

The sertoli cells produce _____ (hormone) which results in a degeneration of the _____ duct (which normally develops into the uterus and fallopian tubes)

A

The sertoli cells produce AMH (anti-mullerian hormone) (hormone) which results in a degeneration of the Mullerian duct (which normally develops into the uterus and fallopian tubes)

30
Q

The _____ cells and _____ cells make up the testis which produce ______ (steroid hormone)

A

The sertoli cells and leydic cells make up the testis which produce testosterone (steroid hormone)

31
Q

Testosterone acts on the ______ duct to stimulate the development of the epididymis and vas deferens

  • when does this occur?
A

Testosterone acts on the wolffian duct to stimulate the development of the epididymis and vas deferens

  • ~8weeks post conception
32
Q

DHT (derived from testosterone) has what effect during development?

A

DHT = dihydrotestosterone

  • stimulates the urogen and sinus to develop into the external genetilia in males
33
Q

How are sex-reversals caused?

A

Aberrant SRY loci

  • SRY+ in XX = male genitilia
  • SRY- in XY = female genitilia
34
Q

In which region do human x and y chromosomes pair and undergo crossover?

A

Psudoautosomal region

35
Q
A