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Cellular And Molecular > Lecture 11 - Linking Neuronal Activity To Blood Flow > Flashcards

Lecture 11 - Linking Neuronal Activity To Blood Flow Flashcards

1
Q

What are some examples of metabolism in brain?

A

Neurons

Other cells: glia, microglia, fibroblasts, endothelial cells

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2
Q

What does metabolism in brain require?

A

15-20% of cardiac output

2% of body mass

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3
Q

What are the energy usage in the brain?

A

Restoration of ionic gradients
Maintaining the resting potential
Tissue maintenance

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4
Q

What are examples of tissue maintenance?

A

Cell division
Growth and repair I.e. protein synthesis, mRNA synthesis, protein and organelle transportation, neurotransmitter production and packaging

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5
Q

What are the primary and obligatory fuels for the brain?

A

Glucose

Oxygen

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6
Q

When does long-lasting ischaemia occur?

A

Following infarction

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7
Q

What does loss of blood supply to brain cause?

A

Loss of consciousness in seconds

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8
Q

What do muscles have the ability to do?

A

Function anaerobically

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9
Q

Muscles have a store of oxygen bound to what?

A

Myoglobin

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10
Q

What form do muscles have energy store in?

A

Glycogen

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11
Q

What do muscles produce when they are metabolising?

A

Vasoactive metabolites

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12
Q

What happens following the release of vasoactive metabolites?

A

Vasodilation

Increase in blood flow

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13
Q

What are the ways to make ATP?

A

Glycolysis
Cytoplasm ATP production
Generates pyruvate/lactate

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14
Q

What does kerbs cycle utilise?

A

Pyruvate/lactate

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15
Q

Where do most ATP come from!

A

Oxidation of 3 NADH via electron transport chain in mitochondria

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16
Q

What makes the largest portion of ATP?

A

Mitochondrial respiration

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17
Q

What is present inside axons?

A

Dyed stained mitochondria

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18
Q

What is an example of dye?

A

tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester (TMRM)

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19
Q

What happens When TMRM is placed inside axons?

A

Penetrates the membrane

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20
Q

Where can mitochondria be concentrated?

A

at or near node of Rancher

Synpases

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21
Q

What moves mitochondria on Dunedin and kinesin?

A

Molecular motors

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22
Q

Dynein and kinesin move mitochondria in 2 different directions by interacting with what?

A

Microtubules

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23
Q

What is mitochondria?

A

Major energy making structures within neuron/axon

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24
Q

Kinesin can generate movement toward what?

A

Ending of nerve fibre

Step along microtubule which is involved in retrograde movement of mitochondria and other organelles

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25
Q

What requires glucose and express glucose transporters?

A

Both glia and neurons

26
Q

What are special feature of glucose?

A

Acts as energy substrate

Precursor for neurotransmitters

27
Q

What is lactate shuttle?

A

Glia can provide lactate as a fuel for neurons and ensheathed axons

28
Q

What is dependent upon perfusion pressure?

A

Flow of blood

Delivery of oxygen

29
Q

When the perfusion pressure drops when does the flow drop also?

A

Flow is driven by pressure

30
Q

What happens when flow falls?

A

Vascular bed in tissue reacts

Increase the flow to compensate for the drop in pressure

31
Q

How is drop in pressure compensated

A

Change the resistance of capillary/vascular bed

32
Q

What happens when resistance is decreased?

A

Increase auto regulation

33
Q

define auto regulation

A

I stein six ability of organ to maintain constant blood flow despite changes in perfusion pressure

34
Q

What does auto regulation attempt to keep?

A

Perfusion constant over a range of boood pressures

35
Q

How is autoregulation achieved?

A

Changing vascular resistance across a tissue or organ

36
Q

What are examples of blood flow regulation?

A

Myotonic
Neurogenic
Metabolic

37
Q

What is myogenic regulation?

A

The diameters of arterioles are adjusted to keep blood flow constant
Through mechanical action of flow on the vessel walls and local hormonal effects

38
Q

What does myogenic regulation not explain?

A

Functional increases in blood flow seen in the brain

39
Q

What is neurogenic regulation?

A

Nerve fibres innervating the vasculature changing the tone of resistance vessels

40
Q

What is metabolic regulation?

A

Seeks to balance cerebra blood flow to its demands

41
Q

What is the hallmark of blood flow control in brain?

A

Localised nature of response

42
Q

What was Eric Newman study?

A

Used retina as a model (neutrophil) to understand how nerve cells talk to the circulation and did it using microscope imagining techniques

43
Q

what is retina?

A

Flat surface at the back of eye

44
Q

What does retina have?

A

Substantial blood supply to provide glucose and nutrients and oxygen to metabolising nerve cells and photoreceptors

45
Q

What is retinal surface composed of?

A

Nerve fibre layer

46
Q

Where does the nerve fibre layer come from?

A

Retinal Ganglia that will form the optic nerve

47
Q

What are present on the back of retina?

A

Ghostly grey size (moligolia)

48
Q

Why are molioglia important?

A

Form structural scaffold for the formation of the structure of retina

49
Q

What is active hyperaemia?

A

Increase in organ blood flow that is associated with an increased metabolic activity of an organ or tissue

50
Q

What is a way to activate the neurons in the retina?

A

Shining a light - activate the photoreceptors and get information from the retina

51
Q

What is an example of way of activating neurons in reruns

A

Flicker light stimulation

52
Q

What does flicker light stimulation do?

A

Changes the BF

53
Q

What are arterioles response measured in?

A

Confocal microscopy

54
Q

What is the link you observed in flicker light stimulation?

A

Link between what neuron is doing and the blood flow

55
Q

What are Muller Glia?

A

Large glial cells within the retina

56
Q

What is one key player in the retina?

A

ATP

57
Q

What is Apyrase?

A

An enzyme that gobble up any ATP that gets released within neurophil of retina

58
Q

What happens when TTX is applied onto retina?

A

Reduces the response to light
Block sodium channels
Prevent any neuronal contribution that requires sodium channel

59
Q

Why use Reina as a model system?

A

Study link between neuronal activity and blood flow

60
Q

What does application of NMDA to brain tissue increase?

A

CBF by 20%

61
Q

What is a NMDA receptor antagonist?

A

MK-801

62
Q

What increases neuronal activity?

A

NMDA/kainite

More transmitters released

Cellular And Molecular (9 decks)

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