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Anatomy > Lecture 11: Cerebrum > Flashcards

Lecture 11: Cerebrum Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebrum

A

Two hemispheres; 83% of brain mass

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2
Q

Fissures

A

Deep grooves, which separate major regions of the brain

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3
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

Separates cerebral hemispheres

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4
Q

Transverse cerebral fissure

A

Separates cerebrum and cerebellum

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5
Q

Sucli

A

Shallow grooves on the surface

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6
Q

Gyri

A

Ridges of brain tissue between sulci

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7
Q

Deep sulci

A

Central sulcus, lateral sulcus, parietal-occipital sulcus

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8
Q

Central sulcus

A

Separates frontal lobe and parietal lobe; bordered by precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus

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9
Q

Parieto-occipital sulcus

A

Separates occipital lobe from parietal lobe

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10
Q

Lateral sulcus

A

Sometimes called fissure; separates temporal lobe from parietal and frontal lobes

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11
Q

Insula lobe

A

Positioned deep within lateral sulcus

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12
Q

Cerebrum structures

A

Cerebral cortex (primary sensory areas, sensory association areas, multimodal association areas, motor areas), cerebral white matter (commissures, association fibers, projection fibers), deep cerebral gray matter (basal ganglia, basal forebrain nuclei, claustrum)

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13
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

2-4 mm thick; folds triple the surface area; 40% of brain mass; billions of neurons; neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, short unmyelinated axons; sensory information routed through the thalamus to cerebral cortex

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14
Q

Cerebral cortex functions

A

Initiate and control voluntary movements; communicate, remember, and understand

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15
Q

Primary sensory cortex

A

Receives sensory information resulting in awareness of sensation

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16
Q

Sensory association areas

A

Receive information from primary sensory cortex and interpret the sensory input

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17
Q

Multimodal association areas

A

Receive input in parallel from multiple sensory association areas and integrate and interpret information aided by past experiences and develop a motor response

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18
Q

Motor cortex

A

Enacts plan

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19
Q

Sensory areas

A

Cortical areas in parts of parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes; distinct cortical area, a primary sensory cortex, for each of the major senses

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20
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

Postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe; conscious awareness of general somatic senses; perceived from skin and from proprioception of muscles and tendons (touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature)

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21
Q

Spatial discrimination

A

Sensory receptors relay signals through spinal cord, brain stem, thalamus, and up to primary somatosensory cortex; process information and identify precise area in body; ability to precisely locate a stimulus

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22
Q

Sensory homunculus

A

Somatotopy: each region of cortex receives sensory stimuli from a specific area of the body; sensory homunculus: a body map of sensory cortex in postcentral gyrus; amount of somatosensory cortex devoted related to sensitivity; represented upside down with head in inferolateral part of postcentral gyrus and toes at superomedial

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23
Q

Vestibular cortex

A

Processes information from vestibular apparatus; conscious awareness of sense of balance (position of head in space); posterior part of insula lobe deep in lateral sulcus

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24
Q

Gustatory cortex

A

Processes taste stimuli from tongue; conscious awareness of taste; “roof” of lateral sulcus

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25
Q

Olfactory cortex

A

Processes smell; conscious awareness of smells; piriform lobe which includes hooklike uncus

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26
Q

Rhinencephalon

A

Olfactory cortex is part of this part of the brain; includes parts of cerebrum that receive olfactory signals (piriform lobe, olfactory tracts, olfactory bulbs); connects to limbic system involved with consciously identifying and recalling specific smells

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27
Q

Visceral sensory arease

A

Deep within lateral sulcus on insula lobe; receives general sensory input (pain, pressure, hunger) from abdominal and thoracic organs

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28
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

Deep within calcarine sulcus on posterior and medial part of occipital lobe; damage can cause blindness; largest of all sensory areas; visual information originates from retina; contralateral function

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29
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

Sound waves excite receptors in inner ear cochlea which triggers impulse transmission where conscious awareness of sound including loudness, rhythm, and pitch is detected

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30
Q

Somatosensory association cortex

A

Posterior to primary somatosensory cortex; integrates different sensory inputs to understand sensations; draws upon stored memories of past experiences

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31
Q

Visual association areas

A

Surrounds primary visual area and covers much of occipital lobe; continues processing of visual information by analyzing color, form and movement; complex visual processing extends into temporal and parietal lobes

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32
Q

Visual dorsal stream

A

“Where” pathway; posterior parietal cortex to post-central gyrus; information about spatial relationships

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33
Q

Visual ventral stream

A

“What” pathway; passes information into inferior part of temporal lobe; recognizing objects, words, and faces

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34
Q

Auditory association area

A

Posterior and lateral to primary auditory cortex; evaluation of different sounds and integrates memories of past sounds

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35
Q

Auditory posterolateral pathway

A

“Where” pathway; parietal lobe to lateral pre-frontal cortex; evaluates location of a stimulus

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36
Q

Auditory anterolateral pathway

A

“What” pathway; anterior temporal lobe to inferior pre-frontal cortex; sound identification

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37
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

In one hemisphere (usually the left); involved in recognizing and understanding spoken word; damage interferes with ability to comprehend speech

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38
Q

Multimodal association areas

A

Receive sensory input from multiple sensory modalities sensory association areas; make associations between various kinds of sensory information; associates new sensory inputs with memories of past experiences and plan appropriate motor responses

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39
Q

Posterior association area

A

Interface of visual, auditory, and somatosensory association areas; integrates information from somatosensory, visual, and auditory association areas as well as proprioceptive senses and vestibular apparatus that allows “body sense” or body awareness of spatial location; guides movements of limbs through space; related to language comprehension and speech

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40
Q

Language areas

A

Typically in left cerebral cortex; Wernicke’s area, lateral and inferior temporal lobe (coordination of auditory and visual aspects of language); parts of insula (initiation of word articulation and recognition of sound sequences)

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41
Q

Right cerebral hemisphere

A

Creative interpretation of words; controlling emotional overtones of speech

42
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Integrates information from all association areas to plan and initiate motor responses; receives processed sensory information from posterior association area and adjusts motor output; integrates information with past experience through connection with limbic system

43
Q

Tasks of anterior association area

A

Working memory for spatial tasks, working memory for object-recall tasks, solving complex multi-task problems, executive area for task management

44
Q

Function of anterior association area

A

Processes information and triggers the move to the next portion of the task; cognitive functioning, processing abstract ideas, long-term planning; impulse control; appreciation of humor; linked to emotion; not fully formed until adulthood (poor judgement in early adolescents)

45
Q

Limbic association area

A

Medial side of frontal lobe; processes emotions in complex personal and social interactions; contributes to memory, emotions, and motor response; integrates input from other cortical areas to form memory; integrates sensory and motor behaviors with past experience; uses past experience to influence future motor response

46
Q

Motor areas

A

Localized in posterior frontal lobe

47
Q

Premotor cortex

A

Anterior to primary motor cortex; plans and coordinates complex movements and relays plan to primary motor cortex for implementation; receives processed information from sensory and multimodal regions; controls voluntary actions

48
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

Controls motor functions; along precentral gyrus of frontal lobe

49
Q

Pyramidal cells

A

Large neurons of primary motor cortex; long axons form massive pyramidal tracts (corticospinal tracts) that descend through brainstem and spinal cord; axons synapse on motor neurons to generate precise voluntary motor movements; contralateral

50
Q

Somatotopy

A

Specific pyramidal cells control specific areas of the body

51
Q

Motor homunculus

A

Body represented spatially in primary motor cortex; represented upside down with head in inferolateral part of precentral gyrus and toes at supermedial end

52
Q

Frontal eye field

A

Anterior to premotor cortex; controls voluntary movement of eyes especially when moving eyes to follow a moving target

53
Q

Broca’s area

A

Anterior to inferior part of premotor cortex in left, language dominant cerebral hemisphere; controls motor movements for speaking

54
Q

Lateralization of cortical function

A

Contralateral (two hemispheres control opposite sides of body); communicate between right and left sides through commissures; specialized for different cognitive functions

55
Q

Right hemisphere

A

In 90-95% of people, deal with big picture; visual-spatial skills, reading facial expressions, intuition, emotion, artistic, musical skills

56
Q

Left hemisphere

A

In 90-95% of people, deal with details; language abilities, math, logic

57
Q

Cerebral white matter

A

Different areas of cerebral cortex communicate with each other and communicate with brain stem and spinal cord; usually myelinated and bundled into tracts

58
Q

Commissural fibers

A

Connect corresponding cerebral cortices in two hemispheres; horizontal fibers; corpus callosum is largest commissure

59
Q

Association fibers

A

Connect cerebral cortex of different parts of same hemisphere; connect parts of Wernike’s and Broca’s areas

60
Q

Projection fibers

A

Connect cerebral cortex to more caudal parts of CNS; some descend from cerebral cortex to more caudal areas; some ascend to cortex from lower regions; sensory information reaches cerebral cortex and motor instructions leave cerebral cortex

61
Q

Internal capsule

A

Deep in cerebral white matter; compact bundle of projection fibers which pass between thalamus and basal ganglia

62
Q

Corona radiata

A

Projection fibers run to and from cerebral cortex and fan out to form this

63
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Group of nuclei within cerebral white matter; receives input from many cortical areas; neural calculators that cooperate with cerebral cortex in control and regulation of a spectrum of different types of movement; start, stop and regulate intensity of voluntary movements; select appropriate muscles for a task and inhibit others

64
Q

Caudate nucleus

A

Arches superiorly over thalamus and lies medial to internal capsule

65
Q

Globus pallidus

A

Lateral to internal capsule

66
Q

Putamen

A

Combination of caudate nucleus and putamen

67
Q

Corpus striatum

A

Combination of caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus

68
Q

Dyskinesia

A

Degenerative conditions of basal ganglia which causes abnormal motor function

69
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

Degeneration of corpus striatum pathway that inhibits motor activity and results in an overstimulation of motor activities with uncontrolled jerking of limbs and early death

70
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Degeneration of substantia nigra that sends input to basal ganglia; lack of inhibitory input results in overactive globus pallidus basal ganglia which inhibits motor cortex causing slow and jerky movements, tremors, and eventual muscle rigidity and early death

71
Q

Basal forebrain nuclei

A

Cholinergic system (neurons synthesize and release acetylcholine); anterior and dorsal to hypothalamus

72
Q

Functions of basal forebrain nuclei

A

Arousal, learning, memory, motor control

73
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Degeneration of brain areas involved with memory and thought (basal forebrain nuclei, hippocampus, associated areas of cerebral cortex); results in reduction of cholinergic activity; damage spreads to other areas of cerebrum

74
Q

Limbic system

A

Medial aspect of cerebral hemispheres; also within diencephalon (anterior thalamic nuclei, hypothalamus, mammillary body); forms a broad ring in medial cerebral hemisphere (septal nuclei, cingulate gyrus, dentate gyrus, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus); part of amygdaloid body (amygdala); linked by fornix and anterior commissure fiber

75
Q

Cingulate gyrus

A

Superior to corpus callosum; shift in between thoughts and express emotions through gestures; interprets pain as unpleasant; resolves mental conflict during frustrating tasks

76
Q

Amygdala

A

Processes fear and triggers appropriate sympathetic responses; forms memories of past experiences based on emotional impact; retrieves memories and causes them to re-experience emotions

77
Q

PTSD

A

Extreme response to a triggered memory results in hyperactivity in amygdala and dysfunction in medial pre-frontal cortex (limbic association center) and hippocampus

78
Q

Hippocampal formation

A

Hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus; encodes, consolidates, and retrieves memories of facts and events; receives information to be remembered from the cerebral cortex; processes these data and returns them to cortex, where they are stored as long term memories

79
Q

Limbic system interaction with rest of brain

A

Most output is relayed through hypothalamus and reticular formation which control visceral responses; interacts with prefrontal cortex of cerebrum; emotional brain interacts with thoughts from thinking brain

80
Q

Reticular formation

A

Runs through central core of medulla, pons, and midbrain; long branching axons that project to thalamus, cerebellum, spinal cord and cerebrum

81
Q

Reticular activating system (RAS)

A

Part of reticular formation which maintains consciousness and alertness; visual, auditory, and touch stimuli help keep people awake and alert

82
Q

RAS influence on sleep

A

Functions in sleep and arousal; general anesthesia, tranquilizers, and sleep inducing drugs depress RAS and cause loss of consciousness; malfunctions in RAS can cause narcolepsy; severe injury to RAS causes coma

83
Q

RAS motor arm

A

Motor arm sends axons to spinal cord; axons control motor neurons to skeletal muscle; some axons and lateral nuclear group nuclei in medulla influence autonomic neurons which to regulate visceral motor functions

84
Q

Ascending spinocerebellar pathway

A

First order: sensory receptor to dorsal gray horn of spinal cord and synapses with second order neuron; second order: ascends up spinal cord in both dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tract to cerebellum where it terminates; conveys information on proprioception from lower limbs and trunk to cerebellum to coordinate body movements; ipsilateral

85
Q

Ascending dorsal column pathway

A

First order: sensory receptor to spinal cord where ascends up medial fasciulus gracilis and lateral fasciculus cuneatus to nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus brain nuclei in medulla; second order; decussates in medulla and ascends up medial lemniscus tract and synapses in thalamus with third order; third order; ascends from thalamus to primary somatosensory cortex on postcentral gyrus resulting in awareness of precisely localized sensations; contralateral; includes fine touch, pressure, and conscious aspects of proprioception

86
Q

Ascending spinothalamic pathway

A

First order: sensory receptor to spinal cord synapses in dorsal gray horn; second order: decussate in spinal cord and enters lateral and ventral funiculi which synapses in thalamus; third order: ascends to primary somatosensory cortex on postcentral gyrus; conscious sensations which are typically perceived as unpleasant; contralateral; pain, burns, heat, and cold; transmits information on pain, temperature, and deep pressure; non-discriminative touch (we are aware but cannot localize precisely)

87
Q

Descending pathways

A

Most motor pathways; decussate at some point and are contralateral; exhibit somatotopy; all pathways paired; deliver motor instructions from brain to spinal cord

88
Q

Pyramidal pathway

A

Large neurons; descend from primary motor cortex; lateral tracts decussate in medulla; ventral tracts decussate in spinal cord; synapse with short interneurons that activate somatic motor neurons or synapse directly onto somatic motor neurons; precise and skilled voluntary movements

89
Q

Somatic motor neuron

A

Extends from spinal gray matter to peripheral motor receptor and controls precise voluntary movement

90
Q

Amyotropic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s disease)

A

Degeneration of pyramidal tracts with formation of hardened scar tissue in later parts of spinal cord; results in wasting and atrophy of skeletal muscles; fatal

91
Q

Extrapyramidal tracts

A

Signals that produce body movements that are subconscious, coarse or postural

92
Q

Descending rubrospinal pathway

A

From red nucleus in midbrain; decussates in midbrain and descends to spinal gray matter; somatic motor neuron; produce body movements that are subconscious, coarse or postural

93
Q

Integration of movement

A

Cerebellum smooths and coordinates movements dictated by pyramidal tracts and subcortical motor nuclei; axons from cerebellum project to and influence red nuclei, vestibular nuclei, and reticular nuclei; pyramidal tract neurons project to and influence most of “extrapyramidal” tracts

94
Q

Paralysis

A

Loss of motor function

95
Q

Paresthesia

A

Loss of sensation

96
Q

Paraplegia

A

Injury to spinal cord is between T1 and L2 causing paralysis of lower limbs

97
Q

Quadriplegia

A

Injury to spinal cord in cervical region causing paralysis of all four limbs

98
Q

Cerebrovascular accident (stroke)

A

Interruption of blood flow to brain tissue

99
Q

Thrombotic stroke

A

Caused by a clot which blocks blood flow to brain tissue

100
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke

A

Caused by a bleed in the brain which impairs blood flow to brain tissue

Anatomy (4 decks)

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