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Respiratory System > Lecture 1.1: Anatomy of the Respiratory System > Flashcards

Lecture 1.1: Anatomy of the Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 parts of the Respiratory System?

A

Upper and Lower

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2
Q

What makes up the Upper Respiratory Tract? (4)

A
  • Nasal cavity
  • Paranasal sinuses
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx above vocal cords
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3
Q

What makes up the Lower Respiratory Tract? (4)

A
  • Larynx below the vocal cords
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
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4
Q

What anatomical structures do the lungs contain? (4)

A
  • Respiratory Bronchioles - Transitional
  • Alveolar Ducts
  • Alveolar Sacs Respiratory
  • Alveoli
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5
Q

How do the Ribs 1-7 articulate with the sternum anteriorly?

A

• Ribs 1 - 7 connected to sternum via costal cartilages

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6
Q

How do the Ribs 8-10 articulate with the sternum anteriorly?

A

• Ribs 8 - 10 connected to the costal cartilage above

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7
Q

How do the Ribs 11-12 articulate with the sternum anteriorly?

A

• Ribs 11 & 12 end free in the abdominal muscles (`floating ribs’)

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8
Q

What are the Typical Ribs?

A

• Ribs 3-9
• Head: 2 articular facets
• Neck
• Tubercle: 1 articular facet for articulation with transverse process of the
corresponding thoracic vertebra
• Shaft: costal groove under lower border which protects the intercostal vessels
& nerve

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9
Q

Structure of 1st Rib (Atypical)

A
  • Forms upper border of superior thoracic aperture
  • Short and thick
  • Single articular facet for the costovertebral joint
  • Flattened from top to bottom
  • Grooves for: subclavian artery, subclavian vein, lowest trunk of brachial plexus
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10
Q

Where do Rib Fractures usually occur? Why?

A
  • Usually Middle Ribs

* Crush Injuries/Direct Trauma

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11
Q

Complications of Rib Fractures?

A
  • Soft tissue injury from broken fragments

* Risk of damage to lungs, spleen or diaphragm

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12
Q

When is the affected area in a rib fracture not under control of the thoracic muscles?

A

• If 2+ fractures occur in 2+ adjacent ribs

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13
Q

What is Flail Chest?

A

Defined as two or more contiguous rib fractures with two or more breaks per rib

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14
Q

What Intercostal Muscles are used in Inspiration?

A

• External Intercostal Muscles

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15
Q

What Intercostal Muscles are used in Expiration?

A
  • Internal Intercostal

* Innermost Intercostal

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16
Q

Diaphragm Structure and Position?

A
  • Double-domed musculotendinous sheet

* Inferior aspect of the rib cage

17
Q

Functions of the Diaphragm

A

• Separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity
• Contraction and Relaxation alters volume of thoracic cavity and lungs
• Primary muscle of inspiration and expiration (70% chest expansion in quiet
respiration)

18
Q

What does the Diaphragm attach to?

A
  • Anteriorly to xiphoid process and costal margin
  • Laterally to ribs 11 and 12
  • Posteriorly to lumbar vertebrae
19
Q

What are the 3 Openings in the Diaphragm?

A
  • Vena Caval Hiatus (Foramen Venae Cavae)
  • Oesophageal Hiatus (Hiatus Oesophagus)
  • Aortic Hiatus (Hiatus Aorticus)
20
Q

Caval Aperture/Hiatus

A
  • Level: T8
  • Central area of the central tendon
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Branches of right phrenic nerve
21
Q

Oesophageal Aperture/Hiatus

A
  • Level: T10
  • Formed by fibres of the right crus, around oesophagus, to left of the midline
  • Oesophagus
  • Right and left vagus nerves (Gastric nerves)
  • Oesophageal branches of Left Gastric vessels
  • Lymphatics
22
Q

Aortic Aperture/Hiatus

A
  • Level: T12
  • Between the right and the left crura, bounded by the median arcuate ligament
  • Aorta
  • Thoracic duct
  • Azygous and Hemiazygous vein
23
Q

What Nerves supply the Diaphragm?

A
  • Right and left Phrenic Nerve
  • Cervical plexus
  • C3, C4, C5 (these keep the diaphragm alive!)
24
Q

Why is Diaphragmatic pain often felt at the Shoulder Tip?

A
  • Shoulder and diaphragm share common nerve supply - C3, C4
  • Phrenic nerve
  • Supraclavicular nerves
25
Q

What is the Blood Supply of the Diaphragm?

A
  • Primary: Inferior phrenic arteries (branch directly from the abdominal aorta)
  • Others: Superior phrenic, Pericardiacophrenic, Musculophrenic arteries
26
Q

What is a Diaphragmatic Hernia?

A
27
Q

What is a Diaphragmatic Hernia? Compilcations?

A
  • A birth defect where there is a hole in the diaphragm

* Abdominal organs move further up in body i.e. small intestine next to lungs

28
Q

What are the 4 (Main) Body Cavities?

A

Cranial
Vertebral
Thoracic Cavity (Pleural Cavity, Mediastinum)
Abdomino-Pelvic Cavity

29
Q

Where is the Mediastinum located?

A

Region between the lungs, extending from the sternum to the bodies of the vertebrae & from the superior thoracic aperture to the diaphragm

30
Q

What is the Visceral Layer of the Pleural Cavity?

A

• Against the organs within the cavity

31
Q

What is the Parietal Layer of the Pleural Cavity?

A
  • Against the wall of the cavity

* Thin layer of pleural fluid between

32
Q

What is the Function of the Pleural Cavity?

A
  • Allows parietal and visceral parts to slide on one another
  • Allows movement of the lung against chest wall
  • Surface tension of pleural fluid keeps lung surface in contact with thoracic wall
  • When thorax expands, the lung expands with it and fills with air
33
Q

What is the Structure of the Lungs?

A
  • Apex (above the level of 1st rib and into the root of neck)
  • Base (inferior surface of the lung, on diaphragm)
  • 2-3 Lobes (separated by fissures within the lung)
  • Surfaces (costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic)
  • Lung Root (structures that suspend the lung from the mediastinum)
  • Borders/Edges of the Lungs (anterior, inferior, posterior)
34
Q

What is the Hilum in the Lungs?

A

The hilum is the point of entry on each lung for the bronchus, blood vessels, and nerves

35
Q

Right Lung: Lobes and Fissures

A
  • 3 Lobes (superior, middle, inferior)

* 2 Fissures (oblique and horizontal)

36
Q

Left Lung: Lobes and Fissures

A
  • 2 Lobes (superior and inferior)

* 1 Fissure (oblique)

37
Q

Surface Markings of Lobes & Fissures: Oblique Fissure

A
  • Between upper and lower lobes

* From spinous process of T4 posteriorly to the 6th costal cartilage anteriorly

38
Q

Structure and Position of the Trachea

A
  • Inner diameter of 1.5 to 2 centimetres (wider in males than females)
  • 10 to 11 centimetres long
  • Begins at the lower edge of the cricoid cartilage of the larynx (C6)
  • Divides at the carina into left and right main bronchi (T4)
  • 16–20 rings hyaline cartilage (incomplete and C-shaped)

Respiratory System (19 decks)

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