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medical science 202 > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Where do immune cells come from and what is the name of the precursor cell they originate from?

A

bone marrow of long bones, stem cells

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2
Q

where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus

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3
Q

where do B cells mature?

A

bone marrow and other lymphoid organs (spleen)

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4
Q

platelet precursor cells

A

megakaryocytes (after stem cells)

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5
Q

types of hematopoietic cells

A

platelets, B cells, T cells, basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes (become macrophages), RBCs

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6
Q

name of cells with granules in their cytoplasm?

A

granulocytes

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7
Q

types of cells which are granulocytes

A

basophil, neutrophil

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8
Q

neutrophil nuclei type/shape

A

lobular nuclei (polymorphonuclear)

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9
Q

are lymphocytes the smallest type of immune cell and what is their diameter?

A

yes, 5-8micrometers

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10
Q

how do lymphocytes leave the bloodstream?

A

squeeze through specialised areas of capillaries called high endothelial venules (HEV)

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11
Q

how does lymph from lymph nodes drain back into the bloodstream?

A

via the thoracic duct

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12
Q

function of continuously recirculating lymph

A
  1. ensures appropriate lymphocytes (Naive B and T cells) come into contact with their antigen (and each other)
  2. disperses activated lymphocyte cells through the body’s lymphoid tissue
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13
Q

what makes lymphocytes antigen-specific?

A

surface immunoglobulin receptors

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14
Q

what cells are antigen-specific, B cells, T cells and/or NK (natural killer) cells?

A

B and T are antigen-specific

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15
Q

what makes NK cells non-antigen-specific?

A

they lack CD3

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16
Q

What TCR receptor(s) do cytotoxic T lymphocytes have that helper T cells don’t have?

A

cytotoxic cells have CD8, helper T cells have CD4

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17
Q

function of Th1

A

dealing with bacteria/virus

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18
Q

function of Th2

A

deals with parasites/allergies

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19
Q

function of Treg

A

regulatory suppressive T-cells

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20
Q

responses of lymphocyte effector subpopulations

A

antibody production (B lymphocytes), antigen-specific cytotoxicity (CD8/cytotoxic T lymphocytes), ADCC (antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity - K cells), natural killer cell activity (NK cells)

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21
Q

responses of lymphocyte regulatory subpopulations

A

cytokine production (CD4 T lymphocytes), helper cells (Th1, Th2, Treg)

22
Q

sequence of responses leading to a secondary response

A

primary response (if adaptive immune system hasn’t experienced foreign antigen before) –> lag period- the few days before antigen-specific effectors (antibodies/cytotoxic T lymphocytes) appear in the blood (these effectors are temporary and neutralise or remove foreign antigen) –> re-exposure to the same antigen triggers a secondary response (more rapid and vigorous) by the adaptive immune system

23
Q

what happens to the primary response if the antigen is absent for a few days?

A

it decays

24
Q

how many polypeptide chains make up an antibody (ab) and how are they held together?

A

4 polypeptide chains (2 heavy and 2 light), held together by disulphide and non-covalent bonds

25
Q

function of variable binding region and constant region

A

antigen-binding and biological function

26
Q

primary antibody responses are the result of activation of what cells?

A

virgin (naive), antigen-sensitive B lymphocytes

27
Q

secondary responses are the result of activation of what cells?

A

memory B lymphocytes

28
Q

function of secondary lymphoid organs

A

select and bind to antigen-sensitive B lymphocytes that have surface immunoglobulin (sIg) receptors with appropriate affinity

29
Q

what events occur after the activation of antigen-sensitive B cells

A

proliferation and maturation to produce a population (clone) of plasma cells which secrete soluble antibodies of the same antigen-binding specificity as the sIg on the precursor cell.
memory B cells for the sIg on the precursor are also produced as a result of clonal activation and expansion

30
Q

do virgin memory B cells live longer than virgin antigen-sensitive B lymphocytes and is their response faster and larger?

A

memory B cells live longer and respond more quickly and produce larger secondary responses

31
Q

Naive B cells express what receptor?

A

CD20

32
Q

What cytokine do helper T cells produce during B cell proliferation?

A

IL-4

33
Q

what is the receptor on B cells that binds to IL-4?

A

CD4

34
Q

What receptor do plasma cells express and what is their function?

A

CD19, produce large amounts of antibodies

35
Q

the four mechanisms through which antibodies work

A
  1. direct neutralisation (of specific molecular interactions - blocks binding of pathogen to body cell by binding to pathogen)
  2. complement activation (causes complement cytolysis - complement C1q antibody)
  3. opsonisation (enhanced phagocytosis)
  4. antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) - cell killing of target cell
36
Q

to soluble factors what must the antibody bind to and what must it affect?

A

receptors, to affect the function of the antigen (prevents the antigen from binding to the target)

37
Q

what regions do phagocytic cells have receptors for?

A

Fc region of antibody molecules, and C3b activated complement component

38
Q

what is the function of cell-surface receptors on phagocytic cells?

A

to bind to foreign material coated with antibodies and material with C3b attached to it (for complement activation)

39
Q

what region do Fc-gamma-R’s bind to on opsonised IgG?

A

Fc region

40
Q

Steps of ADCC

A
  1. target cell is opsonised by ab’s, Fc portion faces outwards
  2. innate NK cells bind to ab Fc region via Fc-gamma-R C3b receptors on their surface (an immunological synapse forms)
  3. release of perforin/granzyme –> cytolysis of target cell
41
Q

Do K cells have classical B or T characteristics?

A

no

42
Q

receptors on K cells

A

Fc-gamma-R and C3b receptors

43
Q

how do K cells kill cellular material?

A

short range cytotoxicity

44
Q

what pathways is the complement cascade composed of?

A

classical and alternative

45
Q

what triggers the classical pathway?

A

antigen-antibody complexes

46
Q

what triggers the alternative pathway?

A

bacterial cell wall components

47
Q

result of activation of the complement pathway

A
  1. chemotaxis - attraction of phagocytes to the site of complement activation
  2. opsonisation - enhanced phagocytosis
  3. lysis - destruction of cell membranes which antibodies are attached to
48
Q

what enzyme do the classical and alternative pathway activate and what is the product?

A

C3 convertase, C3a and C3b

49
Q

what is the function of C3a?

A

vasodilation and chemotaxis

50
Q

what is the function of C3b?

A

opsonisation and membrane lysis

51
Q

sequence of events for antibody-dependent complement-dependent cytotoxicity

A

opsonisation –> complement C1q binding to IgG Fc complement region –> activation of classical pathway of complement –> MAC (membrane attack complex) formation –> lysis

medical science 202 (10 decks)

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