lecture 11

Question 1

what is passive immunity?

Answer 1

-short lived
-when given antibiotics instead of body responding itself
-newborn babies protected due to antibodies passed down from mothers via placenta

Question 2

what is active immunity?

Answer 2

-long lasting
-involves immunological memory
-secondary and primary response

Question 3

what is measles?

Answer 3

-highly infectious viral disease
-rash and fever
-ear infection -> hearing loss, pneumonia

Question 4

what are requirements of effective vaccine?

Answer 4

-safe
-high level of protection
-long lasting protection
-right response
-low cost
-stable
-easy to administer

Question 5

what are the 5 main types of vaccine?

Answer 5

1. inactivated - dead organisms
2. attentuated - live but viral removed
3. subunit - protein fragments
4. toxoid - bacterial toxin
5. conjugate - low antigenic property bound to high antigenic property

Question 6

example of dead/inativated vaccine and how works?

Answer 6

-salk polio vaccine
-may have side effects
-important antigens must survive killing

Question 7

examples of live vaccines

Answer 7

• vaccinia (small pox)
• sabin (polio)
• MMR (measles, mumps and rubella)
• BCG (tuberculosis)

Question 8

what are the pros of live vaccines?

Answer 8

-single dose effective
-can be given by natural route
-may induce local and systemic immunity

Question 9

what are the cons of live vaccines?

Answer 9

-possibility of contamination
-susceptible to inactivation

Question 10

what is polio?

Answer 10

-caused by enterovirus
-spread through faeco-oral route
-positive sense RNA thats translated into large polypeptide cleaved post translationally

Question 11

example of subunit vaccine and how it works?

Answer 11

-hepatitis B
-tetanus toxoid - inactivated form of protein exotoxin secreted by the bacteria

Question 12

example of conjugated vaccine and how it works?

Answer 12

HiB - haemophilus influenzae type B
-capsular polysaccharide conjugated to a protein
-converts thymus independent TI-2 polysaccharide antigen to thymus dependent form so young children can respond

Question 13

what is reverse vaccinology?

Answer 13

-whole genome screening to identify proteins that could be used as vaccines

Question 14

what are adjuvants?

Answer 14

-substance administered with antigen to promote immune response
-provide immunostimulatory properties

Question 14

what is the action of adjuvants?

Answer 14

-activate dendritic cells via TLRs or NOD like receptors
-cause release of endogenous danger signals
-stimulate release of chemokines/cytokines

Question 15

what is MenB vaccine for?

Answer 15

-protected against disease caused by neisseria meningitis group B
-for babies

Question 16

what is Men ACWY vaccine for?

Answer 16

-conjugate vaccine
-protects against multiple meningocci
-for teenagers

Question 17

how is influenza vaccine produced?

Answer 17

-from attenuated form of influenza virus
-genetically engineered
-nasal spray for children

Question 18

what is shingle vaccine made up of?

Answer 18

-attenuated form of varicella zoster virus
-for elderly