lecture 11 Flashcards

1
Q

what is passive immunity?

A

-short lived
-when given antibiotics instead of body responding itself
-newborn babies protected due to antibodies passed down from mothers via placenta

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2
Q

what is active immunity?

A

-long lasting
-involves immunological memory
-secondary and primary response

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3
Q

what is measles?

A

-highly infectious viral disease
-rash and fever
-ear infection -> hearing loss, pneumonia

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4
Q

what are requirements of effective vaccine?

A

-safe
-high level of protection
-long lasting protection
-right response
-low cost
-stable
-easy to administer

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5
Q

what are the 5 main types of vaccine?

A
  1. inactivated - dead organisms
  2. attentuated - live but viral removed
  3. subunit - protein fragments
  4. toxoid - bacterial toxin
  5. conjugate - low antigenic property bound to high antigenic property
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6
Q

example of dead/inativated vaccine and how works?

A

-salk polio vaccine
-may have side effects
-important antigens must survive killing

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7
Q

examples of live vaccines

A
  • vaccinia (small pox)
  • sabin (polio)
  • MMR (measles, mumps and rubella)
  • BCG (tuberculosis)
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8
Q

what are the pros of live vaccines?

A

-single dose effective
-can be given by natural route
-may induce local and systemic immunity

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9
Q

what are the cons of live vaccines?

A

-possibility of contamination
-susceptible to inactivation

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10
Q

what is polio?

A

-caused by enterovirus
-spread through faeco-oral route
-positive sense RNA thats translated into large polypeptide cleaved post translationally

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11
Q

example of subunit vaccine and how it works?

A

-hepatitis B
-tetanus toxoid - inactivated form of protein exotoxin secreted by the bacteria

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12
Q

example of conjugated vaccine and how it works?

A

HiB - haemophilus influenzae type B
-capsular polysaccharide conjugated to a protein
-converts thymus independent TI-2 polysaccharide antigen to thymus dependent form so young children can respond

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13
Q

what is reverse vaccinology?

A

-whole genome screening to identify proteins that could be used as vaccines

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14
Q

what are adjuvants?

A

-substance administered with antigen to promote immune response
-provide immunostimulatory properties

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14
Q

what is the action of adjuvants?

A

-activate dendritic cells via TLRs or NOD like receptors
-cause release of endogenous danger signals
-stimulate release of chemokines/cytokines

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15
Q

what is MenB vaccine for?

A

-protected against disease caused by neisseria meningitis group B
-for babies

16
Q

what is Men ACWY vaccine for?

A

-conjugate vaccine
-protects against multiple meningocci
-for teenagers

17
Q

how is influenza vaccine produced?

A

-from attenuated form of influenza virus
-genetically engineered
-nasal spray for children

18
Q

what is shingle vaccine made up of?

A

-attenuated form of varicella zoster virus
-for elderly