Lecture 11/12 & 11/14 (Garvey Cont. & The Civil Rights Movement) Flashcards

1
Q

Garvey & the rhetoric of black nationalism: What is black nationalism?

A

i. Emphasis on self-determination
1. Race should determine its own destiny without reliance on white institutions

ii. Emphasis on self-government
1. Not defaulting onto white institutions of power and political parties

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2
Q

Garvey’s rhetorical themes: Exaltation of black pride

A
  1. Black privilege and black pride was next to nothing at the time
  2. Garvey wanted to bring a sense of pride as an individual and race
    a. “I am the equal of any white man, and so are you”
    b. Attacked any black person that wanted to be white
    i. Black leader will be a “black man with a black heart,” not a white man with a black heart or a black man with a white heart
    c. Black people should not look to other races for heroes
    i. “We must canonize our own saints”
    ii. Build pride in the race and wanted to represent everything black
  3. Not pride for pride sake, but for confidence
    a. Be successful today as those of black ancient civilizations
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3
Q

Garvey’s rhetorical themes: Glorification of black history

A
  1. Garvey believed Africa had been home of great civilizations in the past
  2. Spent a great deal of time talking about
  3. Number of his themes would be picked up by later generations
  4. Wanted to provide inspiration for the future by showing they can accomplish great things like they did in the past
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4
Q

Garvey’s rhetorical themes: Black religious reorientation

A
  1. Some-what controversial
  2. Believed black people should not maintain a sense of sub-servance to the white race by believing in a white god, a white Madonna, a white Christ
    a. Black people should not think of the spiritual god as white
    b. Encouraged the worship of black Christ
    c. UNIA parades were usually led by a picture of a black Madonna with a black Christ, often with black angels’ pictures as well
    d. The devil was white
  3. Quarreled with other religious leaders like he did with Du Bois and the NAACP
  4. His weekly speeches given at liberty hall often had the trappings of religious service
    a. Hymns would be sung, among other things
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5
Q

Garvey’s rhetorical themes: Back to Africa

A
  1. Giving up on the U.S. and finding another place where they can be free of white society and cultural norms
  2. Center of Garvey’s quest
    a. An independent Black Africa that was not split into separate Black countries and not ruled over by European powers
    b. Once a strong Africa was established, black people around the world would gain prestige whether they lived there or not
    c. All people have a right to freedom, all races have a motherland, and black people should have a right to theirs, it should be restored back to them
    d. Premise of this theme was that it would be impossible to achieve significant progress in a country that was dominated by white institutions
  3. Stresses that black people are still in bondage
    a. They are industrial, social, and political slaves
  4. Referred to as Black Moses that would lead them to the promise land
    a. For BTW, that was the south
    b. For Du Bois, that was the north
    c. For Garvey, that was Africa
  5. If the race remains scattered, it is only a matter of time before the race is dead, or so scattered like that of Native Americans and such
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6
Q

Garvey’s rhetorical themes: Racial purity & solidarity

A
  1. Believed in a pure black race and favored total separations of the races
  2. Opposed inter-racial marriage
    a. Expelled from UNIA if you did
  3. Opposed to black people getting involved in political positions
  4. Opposed to organizations that had white members like the NAACP
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7
Q

The Balance sheet of Garvey: Short-term impact

A

i. Failure of back to Africa
1. Not withstanding the voyages of the black star line
2. Practically problems that faced the initiative of that plan
3. African Americans were opposed of the colonization
a. Born and raised in America, many didn’t want to just up and leave
4. Garvey never set foot in Africa
5. Died of stroke in London

ii. Criticized by De Bois & other mainstream black leaders
1. Constant disputes
2. Criticized Black real estate agents for ripping off members of their race
3. Most black leaders had turned their back on him

iii. Won support of millions in U.S. & internationally

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8
Q

The Balance sheet of Garvey: Long-term legacy

A

i. He was a prophet of black pride and black power
ii. Stands at the forefront of early 20th century black radicals

iii. “Marcus Garvey was one of the greatest mass leaders of all time” (Look up the quote)
1. From a senator

iv. MLK said Garvey was one of the first to give black people a sense of pride and substance

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9
Q

What was the civil rights movement?

A

a. Destroy segregated way of life in South
i. Designed to destroy the system of segregated life of the south through a non-violent movement
ii. Conditions of blacks in the south were abominable
iii. Education system was awful
iv. Separate but equal doctrine
v. It was not a revolutionary movement
1. It was a demand that African Americans have the same door open to them that had been wide open for white people
2. To end second-class citizenship

b. Dates: 1955 to late 1960s-early 1970s
i. Started with the Montgomery Bus Boycott
1. Brown vs Board helped
ii. Can’t put a bookend on when it ended
1. Towards the late 60s it was being challenged by black power groups (Malcom X)
a. Some of those who worked with MLK became disillusioned and believed non-violent movement was not to helping
2. Assassination of MLK in 1968 started to deteriorate the movement

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10
Q

Milestones of the CR movement (11 points)

A

a. Brown v. Board of Education decision (1954)
i. Separate but were not equal and violated the right of due process and the constitution

b. Montgomery bus boycott & emergence of MLK (Dec. 1955-Dec 1956)
i. Rosa Parks refused to give up seat
1. Arrested for not following the separate transportation rule in Montgomery
ii. Movement was sustained for a year
iii. Helped with the emergence of a young pastor
1. He was picked because he was a participant of any of the other black factions

c. Southern Christian Leadership Conference [SCLC] & Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee [SNCC] (1960)
i. Created by MLK (SCLS was lead by MLK), and the SNCC was the student branch and worked hand and glove
ii. Younger and more militant members were a part of SNCC, and some became disillusioned

d. Sit-in movement (1960)
i. Black student groups organized sit-ins at lunch counters going against the segregation laws
ii. We be physically removed
1. Sit-in members would go limp as a way of non-violence

e. Freedom Rides (1961)
i. Black people would sit in the white section of buses and the white only buses

f. Birmingham demonstrations (April 1963)

g. March on Washington (Aug. 1963)
i. I have a Dream speech

h. Civil Rights Bill of 1964
i. Voter registration drives (1964-1965)

j. Voting Rights Act of 1965
i. Supreme court ruled that southern states could not systematically deny black people the right to vote and the Federal government had to enforce it

k. MLK: The final years (1966-68)
i. Challenged by Black Power movement
ii. Opposition to war in Vietnam
iii. Poor people’s campaign
iv. Assassintation (April 4, 1968)

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11
Q

Was the CR movement of success?

A

a. Achievements
i. Broke down legal system of Southern segregation
ii. Increased economic opportunities for African Americans
iii. Secured black voting rights in the South (and opened political doors nationally)

b. Enduring obstacles to racial progress
i. Persistence of white racism
ii. Continuance of economic inequality
iii. Rearguard actions to undo gains in black voting rights and political participation in the South

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