Lecture

Question 1

What are fungi?

Answer 1

filamentous, eukaryotic, micro/macroscopic, produce hyphae that form a mycelial network,

Question 2

conidia

Answer 2

asexual spores

Question 3

Where can you find fungi?

Answer 3

soil, plant materials, air, water

Question 4

Phyla of fungi

Answer 4

basidiomycota, ascomycota

Question 5

Fungi growth conditions

Answer 5

0-40C, appropriate nutrients and vitamins, oxygen, pH of 3-8, light, carbon source, nitrogen source, abundant moisture

Question 6

What are fungal cell walls made up of?

Answer 6

chitin

Question 7

saprophytic

Answer 7

grow on dead/dying plant materials or other substrates

Question 8

Enzymes to attack plants

Answer 8

cellulase, pectinase, linginase, hemi-cellulase

Question 9

Enzymes to break down proteins

Answer 9

proteases

Question 10

Enzymes to destroy insects

Answer 10

chitinase

Question 11

Enzymes to infect humans

Answer 11

keratinase, protease, lipase, phospholipase

Question 12

Phytopathogens

Answer 12

infection of plants

Question 13

entomopathogens

Answer 13

infection of insects

Question 14

aquatic pathogens

Answer 14

infection of frogs, fish

Question 15

mycoparasites

Answer 15

infection of other fungi

Question 16

opportunistic pathogens

Answer 16

infection of humans

Question 17

mycelium

Answer 17

vegetative mass of hyphae

Question 18

rhizomorphs

Answer 18

root-like structure composed of hyphae

Question 19

chlamydospores

Answer 19

thick-walled, pigmented, somwhat resistant spores

Question 20

oospores

Answer 20

thick-walled, sexual, resistant spore

Question 21

sclerotia

Answer 21

compact mass of hardened mycelium that can survive environmental extremes

Question 22

anamorph

Answer 22

asexual cycle

Question 23

teleomorph

Answer 23

sexual cycle

Question 24

the good

Answer 24

nutrient cycling, break down carcasses, food, secretory products, fermentation and foodmaking, enzymes for industrial use, decontamination of soils, attack insects, attack fungi

Question 25

the bad

Answer 25

infect and kill plants, destruction of wood and paper, cause allergies, mycotoxins, skin infections, infect animals, infect humans

Question 26

necrotrophic fungi

Answer 26

secrete toxins that kill plant species

Question 27

Fungus that caused the potato famine

Answer 27

phytophthora infestans (late blight)

Question 28

Fungus that caused St. Anthony’s Fire

Answer 28

claviceps purpurea (ergot on rye)

Question 29

biotrophic fungi

Answer 29

infect plants by producing a penetration plug and then a haustorium to absorb nutrients

Question 30

fungi that cause allergies

Answer 30

cladosporium, alternaira, aspergillus, stachybotrys

Question 31

fungi that produce secondary metabolites

Answer 31

fusarium, penicillium, aspergillus, stachybotrys, alternaria

Question 32

chemical groups of mycotoxins

Answer 32

cyclopeptides, alkaloids, coumarins

Question 33

mycotoxin produced by aspergillus

Answer 33

aflatoxins

Question 34

mycotoxin produced by fusarium and stachybotrys

Answer 34

trichothecenes

Question 35

mycotoxins produced by penicillium and aspergillus

Answer 35

ochratoxins

Question 36

mushrooms

Answer 36

conspicuous, fleshy, fruiting sexual structure produced by fungi of ascomycota and basidiomycota

Question 37

white rot

Answer 37

soft spongy rot produced by the breakdown of lignin by basidiomycota

Question 38

brown rot

Answer 38

brittle and crunchy rot produced by the breakdown of cellulose

Question 39

secondary metabolites

Answer 39

compounds derived from primary metabolism that do not contribute directly to growth

Question 40

secondary metabolites make up what groups?

Answer 40

hallucinogens, flavours, medicinals, poisons

Question 41

how to cultivate mushrooms?

Answer 41

grow pure cultures as grain spawn, inoculate bulk substrates, initate fruiting

Question 42

mycotoxins

Answer 42

secondary metabolites produced after the fungus has reached maximum growth

Question 43

What are some biotrophic fungi

Answer 43

pythium, fusarium, rhizoctonia

Question 44

hyphae

Answer 44

filamentous structure of fungi, mode of vegetative growth, collectively called mycelium