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Repro II - PATH (Tobin) > Lecture 10: Repro Physiology > Flashcards

Lecture 10: Repro Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The pulsatile action of which hormone initiates puberty?

A

GnRH

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2
Q

How does secretion of FSH vs. LH change from childhood vs. adult repro period vs. post-menopausal age?

A
  • Childhood = FSH > LH
  • Adult repro = LH > FSH
  • Post-meno = FSH > LH
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3
Q

List functions of Sertoli Cells.

A
  • Provide nutrients to developing spermatozoa
  • Form tight junctions w/ eachother creating blood-testis barrier
  • Secrete aqueous fluid into lumen of seminiferous tubule to help transport sperm into epididymis
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4
Q

Function of Leydig cells?

A

Synthesis and secretion of testosterone

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5
Q

Which enzyme found in the testes allows for conversion of androstenedione to testosterone?

A

17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

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6
Q

Which enzyme converts testosterone to DHT in the peripheral tissue?

A

5α-reductase

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7
Q

Which cell of the testes convert testosterone to estradiol, mediated by aromatase?

A

Sertoli Cells

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8
Q

Which hormone stimulates the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone and regulates the overall rate of T synthesis by the Leydig cell?

A

LH

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9
Q

Which hormone is responsible for closure of the epiphyseal plates?

A

Testosterone

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10
Q

List the specific actions of DHT both early and late in male life.

A
  • Early = differentiation of penis, scrotum and prostate
  • Late = prostate growth, male pattern balding, and sebaceous gland activity
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11
Q

Which class of drugs can be used as tx for BPH and hair loss in males?

A

5α-reductase inhibitors

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12
Q

How do sertoli cells provide negative feedback to the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Produce inhibin B —> inhibits FSH

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13
Q

Which hormone and cells of the testes are essential for formation of estrogens?

A
  • FSH stimulates Sertoli cells
  • Convert T –> estrogen via aromatase
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14
Q

What is the function of FSH and LH in spermatogenesis?

A
  • FSH stimulates sertoli cells to nurse and form sperm
  • LH stimulates leydig cells to secrete testosterone (needed for growth and division of testicular germ cells)
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15
Q

Which cells of the testes secrete androgen-binding protein necessary for maintaining local levels of testosterone?

A

Sertoli Cells

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16
Q

What is the underlying pathophysiology of Kallman syndrome and what is seen?

A
  • Failure of GnRH migration into hypothalamus during embryonic development —> ↓ GnRH, FSH, LH, and Testosterone
  • Characterized by delayed or absent puberty and impaired sense of smell
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17
Q

Which type of gonadotropic disorder is Kallman Syndrome?

A

Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

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18
Q

What is Klinefelter syndrome due to, and what is seen with this disorder at birth and into adult life?

A
  • Men born with extra X chromosome (barr body) and appear phenotypically normal at birth
  • At puberty, ↑ levels of gonadotropins fail to induce normal testicular growth and spermatogenesis
  • Seminiferous tubules are largely destroyed = infertility
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19
Q

What are levels of inhibin, FSH, testosterone, LH, and estrogen like in person with Klinefelter Syndrome?

A
  • Dysgenesis of seminiferous tubulues –> ↓ inhibin B –> ↑ FSH
  • Abnormal leydig cell function –> ↓ testosterone –> ↑ LH –> ↑ estrogen
  • ↑ gonadotropins with ↓ testosterone = 1’ hypogonadism
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20
Q

What is the role of DHT in men with BPH?

A
  • DHT is NOT ↑
  • The BPH may be due to these pt’s having ↑ DHT receptors on their prostates
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21
Q

The follicular phase of the ovarian cycle coincides with which phase of the endometrial cycle?

A

Proliferative phase

22
Q

Which hormone stimulates the granulosa cells to produce inhibins and what is the function of inhibins?

A
  • FSH stimulates prod. of inhibins
  • Just before ovulation granulosa cells acquire LH receptors, and LH also stimulates prod. of inhibin
  • Inhibins inhibit FSH production
23
Q

What is the major product of the follicle during the follicular phase?

A

Estradiol

24
Q

What is the major product of the corpus luteum?

A

Progesterone

25
Q

Which 3 hormones cause positive feedback on the HP axis inducing the LH surge seen w/ the menstrual cycle?

A
  • Estrogen
  • Progestins
  • Activins
26
Q

High levels of what hormone released in the late follicular phase ehances the sensitivity of the gonadotrophs to GnRH?

A

Estrogen

27
Q

Which hormone promotes the differentiation of the stromal cells of the endometrium into predicdual cells, which must be prepared to form the decidua of pregnancy?

A

Progesterone

28
Q

What are the levels of estrogen, inhibin, LH and FSH like during menopause?

A
  • ↓ estrogen and ↓ inhibin
  • No neg. feedback of LH and FSH; therefore ↑↑↑ LH and FSH
29
Q

What are the levels of LH, FSH and testosterone like in patient with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)

A
  • ↑ LH
  • ↓ FSH
  • ↑ Testosterone
30
Q

Enlarged polycystic ovaries are associated with elevated levels of?

A

DHEA

31
Q

What occurs during the acrosomal reaction of fertilization?

A

↑ in [Ca2+] inside sperm triggers fusion of the outer acrosomal membrane with the sperm cell’s plasma membrane –> exocytosis of the acrosomal contents

32
Q

What is responsible for triggering the oocytes 2nd meiotic division and the cortical reaction?

A

↑ [Ca2+] inside the oocyte

33
Q

What is the cortical reaction associated with fertilization and what is its function?

A
  • Massive exocytosis of cortical granules seen shortly after sperm-oocyte fusion
  • Granules contain enzymes that act on glycoproteins of zona pellucida and cause them to harden
  • Prevents polyspermy
34
Q

During which days of embryogenesis does the embryo reach the blastocyst stage?

A

Days 4-5

35
Q

What initiates implantation?

A

Blastocyst coming in contact with uterine wall

36
Q

Which cells are responsible for secreting proteases that digest the outer-lying zona pellucida allowing for the blastocyst to adhere to and implant into the receptive uterine endometrium?

A

Trophoblasts

37
Q

List 4 functions of the Syncytiotrophoblasts following implantation

A
  • Express cadherins and integrins for binding of embryo to uterus
  • Secrete hCG which maintains viability of corpus luteum
  • Make progesterone to maintain pregnancy independently of the corpus luteum
  • Function in phagocytosis and bidirectional placental transfer of gases, nutrients and wastes
38
Q

What is decidualization?

A

Response of maternal cells (stromal cells) to progesterone –> endometrial stroma transformed into enlarged and glycogen-filled decidual cells

39
Q

What represents the functional unit of the placenta due to its branching greatly ↑ SA for maternal-fetal exchange?

A

Chorionic villi

40
Q

What is the first hormone produced by the syncytiotrophoblasts and what receptor does it bind?

A

hCG which binds with HIGH affinity to the LH receptor

41
Q

What is the primary function of the hCG secreted by syncytiotrophoblasts?

A
  • Prevents luteolysis

and

  • Maintains high levels of luteal-derived progesterone prod. during first 10 weeks
42
Q

What is the function of human placental lactogen (hPL)?

A
  • Antagonistic action to insulin —> diabetogenicity of pregnancy
  • ↑ glucose availability by inhibiting maternal glucose uptake
  • Lipolytic actions to help mother shift to the use of FFA’s for energy
43
Q

Which hormone is produced in high amounts by the placenta and is required to maintain quiescent myometrium and a pregnant uterus?

A

Progesterone

44
Q

Levels of what hormone can be used to assess fetal well-being?

A

Estriol

45
Q

Which hormone increases the degree of uterine contractility and stimulates the synthesis of oxytocin receptors?

A

Estrogen

46
Q

Which hormone is believed to initiate labor and plays a role in enhancing motility/contraction of uterine smooth muscle cells?

A

Prostaglandins

47
Q

What is the function of oxytocin?

A
  • Causes uterus to contract immediately after fetus is expelled
  • Limits blood flow and blood loss
  • ↑ uterine synthesis of prostaglandins
48
Q

Prolactin levels ↑ 20 fold during pregnancy, but why is the action of prolactin inhibited?

A

Inhibition due to high estrogen and progesterone

49
Q

What are levels of prolactin, estrogen, progesterone, GnRH, FSH, and LH like for the initiation of lactation?

A
  • ↑ Prolactin
  • ↓ estrogen and progesterone
  • Neg. feedback –> ↓ GnRH —> ↓ FSH and LH
50
Q

Which hormone enhances milk ejection by stimulating contraction of the network of myoepithelial cells surronding the alveoli and ducts of the breast?

A

Oxytocin

Repro II - PATH (Tobin) (7 decks)

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