lecture 10 - race and ethnicity

Question 1

differences among human societies

Answer 1

• present themselves in biological and cultural patterns
• product of geographic proximity, historical social and economic relations
• race reflects a social rather than biological reality

Question 2

ethnic group

Answer 2

a group that is socially defined based on its cultural characteristics

Question 3

ethnicity

Answer 3

includes the social distinctions and relations among individuals and groups based on cultural characteristics and a sense of belonging.
assumes common history, values, attitudes and behaviours

Question 4

ethnocentrism

Answer 4

evaluation of another culture based on standards of your own.

Question 5

ethnic chauvinism

Answer 5

when ethnocentrism turns into hostility towards other people on the basis of their membership in a particular ethnic group

Question 6

ethnic minority

Answer 6

an ethnic groups whose members have significantly less control/power than members of the dominant or majority group

Question 7

middle status minorities

Answer 7

racial or ethnic groups in the middle strata who are neither major owners of property nor providers of labour power. their high visibility and economic vulnerability makes them frequent targets for scapegoating

Question 8

models of minority-majority models

Answer 8

• amalgamation
• pluralism
• assimilation
• oppression
• extermination
• expulsion

Question 9

amalgamation

Answer 9

• melting pot (us)
• ethnic differences can be combined to to create new patterns of behavior drawing on diverse cultural resources
• A+B+C=D

Question 10

pluralism

Answer 10

• multiculturalism
• ethnic relations by which all ethnic groups retain their independent and separate identities yet share equal rights and citenzenships
• A+B+C=A+B+C

Question 11

assimilation

Answer 11

• the acceptance of a minority group by a majority population, in which the new groups takes on the values and norms of the dominant culture
• A+B+C=A

Question 12

Oppression

Answer 12

• involves the exploitation of a minority group by excluding it from equal participation in a society

Question 13

exterination

Answer 13

genocide

Question 14

expulsion

Answer 14

colonialism, ethnic cleansing

Question 15

sheriff study

Answer 15

a group of boys demonstrated that positive intergroup relations could be achieved in the presence of goals that would promote united, cooperative action.
- shows that we can do good and evil and that it is historical and political circumstances that turn us into one or another

Question 16

glass ceiling

Answer 16

invisible barrier blocking promotion of qualified individuals in workd environment because of their gender, race or ethnicity

Question 17

tokenism

Answer 17

policy or practice of making only a token or symolic effort toward equality and intergration without any real change

Question 18

race

Answer 18

a group of persons who are identified as having a socially meaningful distinctiveness based on physical and biological criteria

Question 19

racialization

Answer 19

social process by which certain groups of people are singled out for unequal treatment on the basis of real or imagined physical characteristics

Question 20

racism

Answer 20

organized set of beliefs about the innate inferiority of some racial groups, combined with the power to transform these ideas into practices that deny or exclude

Question 21

nation by john anderson

Answer 21

socially constructed community, imagined by the people who perceive themselves as part of the group
- rise of nationalism because of printing press and capitalism

Question 22

nation by anthony smith

Answer 22

named population sharing a historic territory, common myths and historica memories, a mass of public culture, a common economy and common legal rights and duties for its members.

Question 23

nation state

Answer 23

a political organization with sovereignty and recognizable boundaries, regulating citizenship and defining membership and otherness

Question 24

nationalism

Answer 24

ideology that has created a powerful bond aimed to unify diverse peoples through patriotic emotions, using symbols 9flags and anthems), myths and stories of common history. it can also be destructive in 20th century

Question 25

forms of nationalism

Answer 25

• civic
• ethnic

Question 26

civic nationalism

Answer 26

nation as a community of equal, rights-bearing citizens, united in patriotic attachment to a shared set of political practices and values (regardless of race,gender, language, ethnicity)

Question 27

ethnic nationalism

Answer 27

• nation as the home of people who possess a particular history, culture, langage, ancenstry, religion and traditions

Question 28

functionalist perspective on ethnicity

Answer 28

despite its negative consequences, functionalists claim that discrimination serves positive functions by maintaining hierarchal and reinforcing interests of the powerful
functions:

Question 29

functions of racial prejudice (nash)

Answer 29

• moral justification for maintaining an unequal society
• discouraging subordinate groups from questioning their status
• encouraging support or the existing order

Question 30

rose dysfunctions of racism

Answer 30

• societies that practice discrimination fail to use resources of all individuals
• societies must invest time and money to defend barriers to full participation
• aggravates social problems
• undercuts goodwill and diplomatic relations between people and nations

Question 31

conflict perspective on prejudices

Answer 31

• view it as the product of social conflict among competing groups.
• racism as an ideological tool to justify the oppression of minorities
  look at historical processes explaining racism like:
• settler colonialism
• french/english conflict
• immigration patterns and policies
• split labor market

Question 32

feminist perspective of discrimination

Answer 32

• gendered racism: effect of racism and sexism in the exploitation of women from ethnic minorities
• women’s experiences are not the same as men’s in ethnic/racial groups
• intersectionality

Question 33

symbolic interactionist perspective on discrimination

Answer 33

• examine microlevel contacts between people produce either greater racial tolerance or increased levels of hostility
  -contact hypothesis
• frustration-agression hypothesis

Question 34

contact hypothesis

Answer 34

• contact between groups is likely to produce favorable attitudes when members of each group have equal status, pursue the same goals, cooperate to achieve goals and receive positive feedback while interacting

Question 35

frustration-agression hypothesis

Answer 35

people who are frustrated in their efforts to achieve a highly desired goal will show aggression toward a scapegoat - who is blamed for his failure and incaple of resisting their aggression

Question 36

authoritarian personality

Answer 36

highly prejudice individuals can exhibit this personality
- characterized by excessive conformity, submissiveness, intolerance, insecurity, high level of superstition, and rigid, stereotypical thinking

Question 37

social distance

Answer 37

the extent to which people are willing to interact with members of racial and ethnic groups other than their own