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Micro midterm 2 > lecture 10 - immunology > Flashcards

lecture 10 - immunology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the immune system?

A

A complex network of cells, tissues, and organs and substances that they make that help fight off of infection and disease

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2
Q

what is generative/primary in the immune organs, and what are examples of it?

A
  • it is the origin
  • ex. Bone Marrow, thymus
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3
Q

what is peripheral/secondary in the immune organs, and what are examples of it?

A
  • they are mature cells
  • ex. lymph-nodes, spleen, lymphoid tissue, cutaneous immune system.
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4
Q

what are the organs of the immune system?

A
  • thymus
  • bone marrow
  • spleen
  • lymph nodes
  • lymphatic vessels
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5
Q

what is the thymus?

A
  • glandular organ near heart where T cells learn their job
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6
Q

what is the bone marrow?

A
  • blood producing tissue found inside certain bones
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7
Q

what is the spleen?

A
  • a filter for the blood (removed old + damaged abc, and removes infectious agents and uses them to activate lymphocytes)
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8
Q

what are lymph nodes?

A
  • small organs that filter out dead cells, antigens, and other things to present to lymphocytes.
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9
Q

what are lymphatic vessels?

A
  • collect fluid that has leaked out of blood and into tissues, and returns it to circulation
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10
Q

what are peripheral lymphoid organs?

A
  • organs that remove and destroy antigens in the blood and lymph
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11
Q

what are central lymphoid lymphoid organs?

A
  • organs where cells mature (thymus and bone marrow) and respond to foreign antigens
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12
Q

what is the innate (nonspecific) defence system?

A
  • first line of defence (external body membranes)
  • second line of defence (antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and others)
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13
Q

what is the adaptive (specific) defence system?

A
  • third line of defence (attacks particular foreign substances)
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14
Q

what is found in the second line of defence?

A
  • phagocytes
  • NK cells
  • inflammatory response
  • antimicrobial proteins
  • fever
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15
Q

what do phagocytes do?

A
  • active in innate immunity by by eliminating bacteria, fungi and malignant cells (neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytes)
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16
Q

what are natural killer (nk) cells?

A
  • nonphagocytic large lymphocytes that attack cell surface receptors (MHC class 1) and kill by inducing apoptosis
17
Q

what is a fever?

A
  • when leukocytes and macrophages are exposed to foreign substances that secrete pyrogens
18
Q

what are pyrogens?

A

substances that can produce a fever

19
Q

why is a high, prolonged fever concerning?

A
  • can cause brain damage
  • can cause convulsions
  • can cause seizures in adults
  • causes dehydration, and sometimes stroke, sometimes even death
20
Q

benefits of moderate fever

A
  • causes liver and spleen to sequester iron and zinc
  • increases metabolic rate which increases rate of repair
21
Q

what is an adaptive immunity?

A
  • immunity that occurs after exposure to an antigen either through a pathogen or a vaccine (activated when innate immunity isn’t powerful enough)
22
Q

characteristics of adaptive immunity?

A
  • specific
  • systemic
  • memory
  • activates complement
  • amplifies inflammatory response
23
Q

what are the 2 types of adaptive immunity?

A
  1. humoral
  2. cellular (cell-mediated)
24
Q

what is humoral immunity?

A
  • Antibodies produced by B cells circulate in body fluids
  • bind temporarily to target cells and mark it for destruction by phagocytes
25
Q

what is cellular immunity?

A
  • T cell lymphocytes act against target cell
  • Directly - killing infected cells
  • indirectly - releasing chemicals that enhance inflammatory response or activate other lymphocytes or macrophages (histamines + cytokines + kinins + prostaglandins)
  • has cellular targets
26
Q

what are the 2 types of active humoral immunity

A
  • naturally acquired - formed in response to actual infection
  • artificially acquired - formed in response to vaccine
27
Q

what are 2 types of passive humoral immunity

A
  • naturally acquired -antibodies passed from mother to fetus
  • artificially acquired - through injections
28
Q

what are antigens?

A
  • substances that can mobilize adaptive defences and provoke an immune response
  • can be complete or incomplete (haptens)
29
Q

what is HIV and AIDS?

A
  • Human immunodeficiency virus cripples immune system by interfering with helper T cells
30
Q

how does HIV enter the body?

A
  • blood transfusions
  • sexual intercourse/oral sex
  • mother to fetus

Micro midterm 2 (6 decks)

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