Lecture 10: GI Bleeding Flashcards

1
Q

What to check to see if a GI bleed is an emergency?

A

Vitals (hypotension/tachycardia) = hypovolemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why do patients with a GI bleed get an elevated BUN

A

Hypovolemia and absorbed blood protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

NG lavage tube…reliable to test for bleeds?

A

Nope: can get false negatives and positives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

History suggesting GI bleed/causes (7)

A

Aspirin/NSAID, ulcer disease, liver disease (varices), preceding retching (MW tear), GERD (esophagitis), aorta-enteric fistula (aortic aneurysm surgery), cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Two types of GI bleeds

A

Overt: hematemesis, melena, hematochezia; Occult: microscopic blood in stool over weeks to months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Occult bleeding leads to..

A

Anemia and iron deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is hematochezia

A

Red/maroon blood in stool associated with frequent BM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Things that suggest upper bleed

A

Hematemasis, coffee grounds, melena

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Thing that suggests lower bleed

A

Hematochezia (or MASSIVE upper bleed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why do we scope?

A

Diagnose, treat, prognosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Peptic ulcer accounts for % of upper GI bleeds; etiology, % stop spontaneously

A

50%; H pylori or NSAIDs; 80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

GI Bleed: what do we do?

A

IV fluid, IV PPI, urget endoscopy (dx, tx, prognosis), surgery (failure of medical therapy), always look for H pylori

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Once again, what do we always do with gastric ulcers?

A

Look for H pylori

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Gastritis: % of upper GI bleeds, life threatening? Etiology?

A

15%, usually not life threatening, NSAIDs, alcoholism, stress gastritis (serious stress), inhibit acid and avoid NSAIDs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Neoplasm: what kind of bleeding?

A

Chronic bleeding (occult)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Two esophageal causes of GI bleeds

A

Mallory Weiss tear and esophageal varices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Dieulafoy lesion

A

Large caliber artery in stomach with significant bleeding, hard to find

18
Q

GAVE

A

Watermelon stomach, dilated mucosal vessels

19
Q

Aorto-Enteric fistula. Common presentation?

A

Massive bleeding in pt with prior aortic graft that erodes into duodenum; herald bleed (massive bleed that then stops)

20
Q

Cameron lesion. Type of bleeding?

A

Erosions or ulcerations that occur within a hiatal hernia; typically occult

21
Q

Endoscopic therapy techniques

A

Injection (epi, ST but helps you visualize area), hemostatic therapy (cauterizing), band ligation (common for esophageal varices), clips

22
Q

Lower GI bleeding presents with what? Common course?

A

Hematochezia, frequently stops spontaneously (intermittent)

23
Q

T/F: Lower GI bleeding is typically chronic

24
Q

Common causes of lower GI bleeding (4)

A

Hemorrhoid (painless, blood on tissue), anal fissure (pain during stool passage), colitis (urgency, tenesmus, pain, diarrhea), polyp/cancer (blood mixed with stool)

25
Two causes of acute hemodynamically significant lower GI bleeds
1. Diverticulosis and 2. Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs)
26
Most common causes of hemorrhoids (2)
Pregnancy and constipation
27
Anal fissure presentaton, tx
Red blood with BM, tearing/burning pain, blood in toilet bowel, tx = topical medications
28
T/F: It's always easy to find bleeding diverticulum
False: pts often have more than one diverticulum and the bleeding can be sporadic
29
Colitis: presentation
Blood/cramping either acute (ischemia, infectious) or chronic (IBD, Crohn's)
30
Can colon polyp's bleed? What percent of polyps and cancer bleeds are associated with acute lower GI bleeds?
Yes (also after polyp removal); 5%
31
How to evaluate lower GI bleeding?
Endoscopy (colonoscopy) or nuclear scan
32
Describe nuclear scan
Labeled RBC scan, and can be repeated within 24 hours if bleeding begins again
33
Describe angiogram
Catheter in femoral artery with contrast to see where the leak is, then you can give therapy to help bleeding (however, requires active bleeding and is invasive w/ complications)
34
What % of bleeding is not identified by upper or lower endoscopy? What is it called?
5%, "obscure" GI bleeding
35
Causes of obscure GI bleeding
Small intestinal: Vascular (AVM), neoplastic, inflammatory diseases, Meckel's diverticulum; biliary; pancreatic
36
Why does Meckel's diverticulum produce bleeding? Painful?
Heterotopic gastric mucosa --> acid --> ulceration --> bleeding; non-painful bleeding
37
How to dx Meckel's?
Meckel's scan (nuclear) that looks for parietal cells
38
Patent profile for Meckel's
Young males, obscure bleeding
39
What is a push entroscopy? What is a surgical option? What is a non-invasive option?
Endoscopy of the small intestine, can reach the mid jejunum (4 ft); intra-operative endoscopy (very invasive); capsule endoscopy (camera)
40
If you find something with a capsule endoscopy, what do you do next?
Double-balloon enteroscopy