Lecture 10 - Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

Energy: During ____ reactions, energy is ____ and _____. A ____ reaction is when ____ are _____ and _______ with other atoms.

A

chemical; consumed and released.

chemical; atoms; combined; recombined

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2
Q

Two types of chemical reactions:

A
  1. Anabolic reactions: complex molecules are made from simple molecules, energy input is required.
  2. Catabolic reactions: complex molecules are broken down to simpler ones, energy is released.
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3
Q

Two types of energy:

A
  1. Potential energy: energy stored as chemical bonds, concentration gradient, charge imbalance, etc.
  2. Kinetic energy: the energy of movement.
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4
Q

Types of energy: chemical example

Electrons can be located in regions of ___ _____ energy, or ___ ____ energy.

A

high potential; low potential

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5
Q

Gibbs Free Energy: The _____ of a reaction is determined by the _____ in Gibbs free energy of a reaction. The ____ in Gibbs free energy is the sum of the change of ______ ___ (__ or _______) and the change in _______ (__ or ____)

A

energy; change

change; usable energy (deltaH or enthalpy); disorder (deltaS or enthalpy)

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6
Q

If deltaG is negative, ____ _____ is ________ (__________/__________)
If deltaG is positive, ____ ______ is _______ (_____________).

A

free energy; released; (exergonic/spontaneous)

free energy; required; (endergonic)

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7
Q

Catabolism is an example of ___________ ______.

Anabolism is an example of __________ ______.

A

exergonic reaction

endergonic reaction

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8
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed; just transformed or converted into another type of energy.

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9
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

The total entropy (disorder) of the universe is always increasing.

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10
Q

Chemical reactions: Equilibrium (2)

A
  • a reaction can be reversible, and the forward and reverse reactions will continue until reaching equilibrium (deltaG = 0)
  • if the reaction is spontaneous, the reaction will tend to the products (higher concentration of products than reactants at equilibrium)
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11
Q

Use ___ to drive endergonic reactions.

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
ATP is energy currency (used to drive non-spontaneous reactions)
It is a component to DNA

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12
Q

Hydrolysis of ATP is exergonic (2)

A
  • phosphate groups have a negative charge and repel each other - the energy needed to get them close enough to bond is stored in the P-O bond.
  • the free energy of the P-O bond is much higher than the energy of the O-H bond that forms after hydrolysis.
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13
Q

Coupling reactions:
The formation of ATP is ______ and is coupled with _____ _____.
The hydrolysis of ATP is ______ and is coupled with _____ ____.

A

endergonic; exergonic reactions

exergonic; endergonic reactions.

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14
Q

ATP drives ___-____________ reactions. Production of ____________ requires ___; degradation of macromolecules can be used to ______ _____.

A

non-spontaneous
macromolecules; ATP
create ATP

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15
Q

Oxidation/Reduction reactions

A

reduction (oxidizing agent): gain of one or more electrons by an atom, ion, or molecule (becomes more negative)
oxidation (reducing agent): loss of one or more electrons by an atom, ion, or molecule (becomes more positive)

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16
Q

Oxidation of ATP: Oxidation of molecules drives the production of ___. _____ is the most molecule used in cells. _______ loses electrons to become oxidized and ______ gains them to become reduced.

A

ATP
Glucose
Glucose; oxygen

17
Q

NADH is also used to store energy. _______ ____ is a key ________ _____ in redox reactions.

A

Coenzyme NAD+; electron carrier

18
Q

Production of ATP: Oxidation of glucose can occur by __ different pathways

A

three

  1. glycolysis
  2. cellular respiration
  3. fermentation
19
Q

Glycolysis (10 steps, 3 phases)

A

Results in conversion of one glucose into 2 pyruvates and 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
1-3. Phase 1 - preparatory phase, with consumption of 2 ATPs
4-5. Phase 2 - cleavage phase, cyclic glucose splits into two chain molecules.
6-10. Phase 3 - payoff phase, with production of 4 ATP and 2 NADH

20
Q

Pyruvate oxidation (3)

A
  • occurs in mitochondrial matrix
  • produces acetate and CO2
  • produces 2 NADH (1 from each pyruvate oxidized)
21
Q

Citric cycle (3)

A
  • acetyl group is completely oxidized to 2 molecules of CO2
  • energy released is captured by ADP, NAD+, FAD, and GDP
  • produces 6 NADH (3 from each acetyl group oxidized)
22
Q

Glucose oxidation overview: Overall the oxidation of one glucose molecules yields (4)

A
  • 6 CO2
  • 10 NADH
  • 2 FADH2
  • 4 ATP
23
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation: The starting molecules (_______ ___ and ________ _______ ______) must be replenished. The ________ ________ are ______ and they must be _______. This occurs via oxidative phosphorylation which has ____ stages: _______ ________ and ________.

A

acetyl coA; oxidized electron carriers
electron carriers; reduced; reoxidized
two; electron transport; chemiosmosis

24
Q

Electron transport (2)

A
  • electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass through the respiratory chain of membrane-associated carriers.
  • electron flow results in a proton concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
25
Q

Chemiosmosis: ____ flow back across the membrane through a channel protein ____ ______, which couples the __________ with ___ ________.

A

electrons; ATP synthase; diffusion; ATP synthesis.

26
Q

Electron transport: The _______ ______ is located in the _____ ____ ____________ ________. Energy is released as electrons are passed between ________. ____ are also actively transported. ________ accumulate in the ____________ _______ and create a __________ ______ and ___________ __________.

A

respiratory chain; folded inner mitochondrial membrane.
carriers
Protons
Protons; intermembrane space; concentration gradient; charge difference.

27
Q

Chemiosmosis: Diffusion of _____ back across the membrane is coupled to ____ _________ which is also called __________.

A

protons; ATP synthesis; chemiosmosis.

28
Q

Molecular mechanism of ATP synthesis (2)

A
  • ATP synthase is a molecular motor with two parts: Fo unit is the transmembrane H+ channel. F1 unit projects into the mitochondrial matrix and rotates to expose active sites for ATP synthesis.
29
Q

After electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation, one glucose produces a net of ____ ATPs

A

32

30
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A
  • many bacteria and archaea have evolved pathways that allow them to exist where O2 is scarce or absent, by using other electron acceptors.
  • without O2, some ATP can be produced by glycolysis and fermentation. Fermentation occurs in the cytosol. NAD+ is regenerated to keep glycolysis going.
31
Q

Lactic acid fermentation (5)

A
  • pyruvate is the electron acceptor and lactate is the product.
  • occurs in microorganisms and some muscle cells.
  • during active exercise, O2 cannot be delivered fast enough for aerobic respiration.
  • muscle cells then break down glycogen and carry out lactic acid fermentation
  • when lactate builds up, the increase in H+ lowers pH and causes muscle pain.
32
Q

Alcohol fermentation (3)

A
  • yeast and some plant cells
  • requires two enzymes to metabolize pyruvate to ethanol.
  • used to produce alcoholic beverages.
    C6H12O6 + 2 ADP + 2 Pi -> 2 ethanol + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP
33
Q

Fermentation vs. Cellular Respiration (2)

A
  • cellular respiration yields more energy than fermentation

- Glycolysis plus fermentation = 2 ATP while Glycolysis plus cellular respiration = 32 ATP