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Geology > Lecture 10 - Economic Geology > Flashcards

Lecture 10 - Economic Geology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 largest metallic commodities produced in Canadian mines

A

Gold, iron and copper

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2
Q

What’s an alloy?

A

Compound which is synthesized by mixing metals together

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3
Q

Most ore minerals of the scarce metals are found as ______

A

Sulphides

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4
Q

A few ore minerals such as tin and tungsten are

A

Oxides

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5
Q

True or false. Ore minerals rarely occur alone

A

True

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6
Q

Ore minerals are mixed with other non-valuable minerals, collectively termed as

A

Gangue

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7
Q

A bad thing of mining is acid mine drainage. Meaning what

A

Oxidation and hydrolysis of sulphide minerals which exist with ore minerals

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8
Q

______ codified understanding of ore deposits. 350 years later _____ started understanding the processes and not just characterizing it

A

Agricola

Lindgren

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9
Q

What are the 3 essential requirement for making ore deposits

A

Source
Transport
Trap

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10
Q

Minerals become concentrated in which 5 ways

A

COPY PASTE

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11
Q

What is the common aspect of the 5 ways in which ore minerals are precipitated

A

Fluids are part of the transport and concentration mechanism

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12
Q

What type of rock is associated with metallic mineral deposits

A

Igneous, sedimentary and metallic

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of metallic mineral deposits

A

Magnetic ore deposits
Deposits associated with metamorphism
Hydrothermal ore deposits

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14
Q

What is fractional crystallization/magmatic differentiation ?

A

Heavy minerals that crystallize early, settle and concentrate on the bottom of the magma chamber

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15
Q

What type of mineral sunk to the bottom of the magma chamber

A

High density minerals such as chromite

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16
Q

What is imbiscibility

A

Segregation of metal-rich (sulphide) liquid from the crystallizing magma

Like oil and water

17
Q

What is pegmatites

A

Metal remaining in last stages of crystallization or granitic magma is rich in volatiles and rare elements

18
Q

Many important ore deposits are produced by METAMORPHISM of country rocks adjacent to an intrusion. There’s are referred to as

A

Skarns

19
Q

Hydrothermal ore deposits associated with igneous activity are called

A

Veins, disseminated or volcanogenic massive sulphides (VMS)

20
Q

What are the most common vein minerals ?

A

Quartz and calcite

21
Q

Where do hydrothermal fluids come from?

A

Sea water, rain water, magmas

22
Q

What’s the difference between disseminated deposits and veins?

A

In disseminated deposits metals are distributed throughout the rock body rather than concentrated in veins (low grade, large volume)

23
Q

Most of the worlds copper comes from where ?

A

Hydrothermal veins and dissemination’s derived from large prophyritkc intrusions

24
Q

What are VMS deposits

A

Lenses of sulphide minerals that accumulate on the sea floor from hydrothermal vents

25
Q

What are SEDEX?

Sedimentary exhalitive deposits

A

Massive sulphide deposits that form from seafloor hydrothermal vents in sedimentary basins. They usually occur in sediment that fills rift basins

26
Q

What are placer deposits

A

Formed when heavy metals are mechanically concentrated by currents in rivers

27
Q

What’s an example of placer deposits

A

Gold, platinum, diamonds, tin

28
Q

What is laterite deposits

A

Concentrate certain elements (Fe, Al, Ni) by leaching our other elements through deep weathering of parent rocks

29
Q

Super gene enrichment occurs when?

A

When soluble minerals are dissolved near the surface and repricitatee at depth near the water tables

30
Q

Most diamonds are found where?

A

In rare ultra mafic igneous rocks called kimberlites

31
Q

Where is coal found?

A

From the decay and compression of land plants rich in resins, waxed and lignins

32
Q

How is oil and gas unlike coal

A

Oil and gas is derived from the remains of marine plants and animals rich in protein lipids and carbohydrates.

Aka coals are terrestrial and oil/gas is marine

33
Q

What are the hazards/dangers of fracking

A

Earthquakes
Contamination of domestic water wells
Escape of methane from gas we’ll head
Destruction of landscapes

34
Q

Where are gas hydrates found?

A

Cold temp relatively high pressure at the bottom of ocean basins I’m hydrated sediment layers.

35
Q

How is gas hydrates produced

A

Methane produced from the breakdown of biological material

Geology (3 decks)

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