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Physio > Lecture 10: Cardiovascular System, Hemodynamics > Flashcards

Lecture 10: Cardiovascular System, Hemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

Heart valve flow order

A

R: tricuspid (AV) -> semilunar pulmonary
L: mitral (AV) (aka bicuspid) -> semilunar aortic

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2
Q

L vs R ventricle

A

L ventricle wall is thicker than the right due to greater systemic resistance vs pulmonary

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3
Q

Valve opening/closing

A

Opening/closing depends on ΔP between areas; valves themselves have little resistance. Creates unidirectional flow. Leakage = incompetent valves

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4
Q

Types of CV vessels

A
  1. Large artery
  2. Arteriole
  3. Capillary
  4. Venule
  5. Vein
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5
Q

Large artery

A

Low resistance conducting vessel; elastic/pressure reservoir

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6
Q

Arteriole

A

Primary effector of peripheral resistance to control blood distribution via dilation/constriction

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7
Q

Capillary

A

Highest total cross-sectional area and smallest individual radius. Fluid/gas/nutrient exchange; uptake of waste/secreted products

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8
Q

Venule

A

Migration site for WBCs, capacitance vessels; high compliance

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9
Q

Vein

A

Low R high capacitance vessels; high compliance

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10
Q

Compliance

A

ΔV / ΔP; defines change in volume for a given change in pressure.

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11
Q

Windkessel effect

A

Refers to the elastic pressure reservoir property of the aorta. During ejection the aorta stretches out as flow in > runoff. When the heart relaxes, runoff continues and the aorta shrinks.

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12
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

P = ρgh
Weight of water column (note the static part)

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13
Q

Lateral pressure

A

Outward pressure of MOVING fluid

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14
Q

Laminar vs turbulent flow

A

Laminar flow is smooth and ordered, turbulent is chaotic. Turbulent flow is what produces sounds (blood colliding w/ vessel walls)

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15
Q

Flow equation

A

Q = ΔP / R
For CVS, CO = P_aorta - P_Ratrium / TPR

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16
Q

Resistance of a vessel

A

R = 8ηL / πr^4
Most important is radius^4; other factors don’t change much physiologically

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17
Q

Features of a system in series

A
  1. Q is the same everywhere
  2. Total ΔP = sum of ΔP in each segment
  3. Total R = sum of R in each segment
  4. Greatest ΔP drop occurs in highest R segment
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18
Q

2 pumps in series

A

The CVS is 2 pumps (L + R heart) in series; thus Q is the same everywhere; CO = venous return

19
Q

Features of a system in parallel

A
  1. Total Q = sum of Qs in each branch
  2. Total ΔP = sum of ΔP in each branch
  3. 1 / total R = 1 / R_A + 1 / R_B + …
  4. Largest Q goes to path with least R
20
Q

Flow velocity

A

v = Q / A; flow per cross-sectional area. Thus capillaries, w/ most cross-sectional area, have slowest flow allowing more gas exchange.

21
Q

Bernoulli’s equation and total fluid energy

A

E total = E lateral + KE + gravitational PE + heat energy loss to R

Energy is conserved. In terms of P, P1 (lateral) + 1/2ρv^2 (KE1) + ρgh (PE1) = P2 + KE2 + PE2

22
Q

Reynold’s number

A

N_R = ρdv / η
Describes propensity of laminar flow to become turbulent. >4000 usually turbulent; most notable is with change in diameter/velocity e.g. stenosis

23
Q

Reticulocytes

A

Young RBCs; still have ribosomes, lose after ~1 day

24
Q

Required substances for RBCs

A
  1. Iron
  2. Folic acid + Vit. B12
25
Q

Iron (RBCs)

A

Hemochromatosis = excess accumul.
Binds to ferritin for liver storage, transported in plasma by transferrin. Homeostatic control mostly by intestines.

26
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Hormone that directly controls erythropoiesis in bone marrow; erythrocyte progenitor proliferation.

27
Q

Anemia

A

Decreased blood ability to carry O2, due to:
-Fewer total RBCs
-Less Hb per RBC
-Combo

28
Q

Polycythemia

A

More RBCs than normal; more O2 carrying capacity but also thicker blood putting more strain on heart.

29
Q

Blood cells

A

-RBCs
-Leukocytes (WBCs)
-Platelets (megakaryocyte fragments)

30
Q

Hematopoietic growth factors

A

HGFs stimulate proliferation/differentiation of various blood cell progenitors

31
Q

Bulk flow

A

Movement of all blood constituents together

32
Q

2 halves of circulation

A
  1. Pulmonary
  2. Systemic
33
Q

Microcirculation

A

Arterioles + capillaries + venules

34
Q

Systemic circuit

A

L vent -> aorta -> artery branches -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venules -> veins -> inf/sup vena cava -> R atrium

35
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

R vent. -> pulmonary trunk -> 2x pulmonary arteries (1 per lung) -> arteries -> microcirculation -> 4x pulm. veins -> L atrium

36
Q

Parallel arrangement of systemic artery branches

A

Parallel systemic arteries ensure all organs/tissues get fresh oxygenated blood; all get fraction of L vent blood. Allows independent regulation of blood flow

37
Q

Portal systems

A

Exceptions usual anatomical path with 1st capillary bed, veins, then 2nd capillary bed before veins and heart return. E.g. liver, anterior pituitary

38
Q

Hemodynamics

A

Blood pressure, flow, resistance. Q = ΔP / R

39
Q

Poiseuille’s Law

A

Describes factors for R; more friction = more resistance. Viscosity = intermolecular friction, length/radius = surface-molecule friction. Viscosity increases w/ hematocrit

40
Q

Pulse pressure

A

Systolic - diastolic pressure

41
Q

Factors for magnitude of pulse pressure

A

Everything affecting systolic and diastolic P
Stroke volume, ejection seed, arterial compliance

42
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure

A

MAP = DP + 1/3(pulse P)
Average pressure driving blood over entire cardiac cycle. Same throughout entire body, remember relative arteriole P determines different arteriole flow

43
Q

Intrinsic tone

A

Aka basal tone. Baseline spontaneous contractile activity of arteriolar smooth muscle. External stim. increase/decrease this tone

Physio (20 decks)

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