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Whitney - Physiology Test 2 > Lecture 10 Arterial and Venous Systems and Lymphatics > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Arterial and Venous Systems and Lymphatics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the equation for Vascular Distensibility?

A

Vascular distensibility = Increase in volume/(increase in pressure x Original Pressure)

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2
Q

Which of the following factors affect(s) pulse pressure?

a. Vascular Elastance
b. Arterial Compliance
c. Stroke Volume
d. all of the above
c. B and C only

A

c. B and C only

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3
Q

Which of the following is the most important means for the exchange of substances between the blood and the interstitial fluid?

a. Blood hydrostatic pressure
b. Capillary oncotic pressure
c. Diffusion
d. Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
e. Osmosis

A

c. Diffusion

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4
Q

The least amount of damping of the pressure pulses would occur in which of the following components of the circulatory system?

a. Femoral Artery
b. Arterioles
c. Capillaries
d. Venules

A

a. Femoral Artery

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5
Q

Distensibility in Arteries vs. Veins

A

Veins are about 8 times more distensible than arteries

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6
Q

Distensibility in pulmonary veins vs. systemic veins

A

Distensibilities are about the same

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7
Q

Distensibility in pulmonary arteries vs. systemic arteries

A

Pulmonary artery distensibilities are about 6 times that of systemic arteries

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8
Q

What describes the distensibility of BVs?

A

Capacitance

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9
Q

Capacitance is _______ (Directly/Indirectly) proportional to elastance

A

Indirectly

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10
Q

Compliance is equal to ?

A

Distensibility x Volume

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11
Q

Capacitance is ______ proportional to volume and ______ proportional to pressure

A

directly, inversely

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12
Q

What does capacitance describe?

A

It describes how volume changes in response to a change in pressure

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13
Q

Where is capacitance the greatest? Veins or arteries?

A

Veins

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14
Q

The greater the amount of elastic tissue in a blood vessel:

A

The higher the elastance

The lower the compliance

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15
Q

Define Compliance

A

Measure of the ease with which a hollow viscus may be distended
The volume change resulting from the application of a unit pressure differential between the inside and outside of the viscus;

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16
Q

Compliance is the ______ of elastance

A

Reciprocal

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17
Q

Vascular Compliance

A

Total quantity of blood that can be stored in a given portion of the circulatory system

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18
Q

What is elastance a measure of?

A

Measure of the tendency of a hollow viscus to recoil toward its original dimensions upon removal of a distending or collapsing force

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19
Q

Describe the Volume Pressure curves for both arterial and venous systems

A

In the arterial system, volume does not have to change much to affect the pressure.
In the venous system, a large change in volume can have little affect on the pressure

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20
Q

What is Pulse Pressure?

A

Difference in systolic and diastolic pressure

Stroke Volume/Arterial Compliance

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21
Q

What factors affect pulse pressure?

A

Stroke volume output of the heart

Compliance of the arterial tree

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22
Q

Describe how stroke volume output affects pulse pressure

A

Most important determinant of pulse pressure
Diastolic pressure remains unchanged during ventricular systole; pulse pressure increases to the same extent as the systolic pressure

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23
Q

Describe how compliance of the arterial tree affects pulse pressure

A

Decrease in compliance (capacitance) results in an increase in pulse pressure

24
Q

Name conditions causing abnormal contours of the pressure pulse wave

A

Aortic Valve stenosis
Atherosclerosis
Patent ductus arteriosus
Aortic regurgitation

25
Q

Describe how aortic valve stenosis affects pulse pressure wave

A

Diameter of the aortic valve opening is reduced sig., & aortic pressure is decreased sig.
Blood flow through aortic valve is diminished

26
Q

Describe how patent ductus arteriosus affects pulse pressure wave

A

Half or more of cardiac output flows back into pulmonary artery & lung BVs
Diastolic pressure falls very low before next heartbeat

27
Q

Describe how aortic regurgitation affects pulse pressure wave

A

Aortic valve is absent or will not close completely

Aortic pressure may fall all the way to 0 between heartbeats

28
Q

Why is the mean blood pressure closer to the diastolic than the systolic?

A

Because about 60% of the cardiac cycle is spent in diastole and 40% in systole

29
Q

Define mean arterial pressure

A

Average arterial pressure with respect to time

*B/c more of the cardiac cycle is pent in diastole than in systole, it is NOT a simple average

30
Q

What is the equation for mean arterial pressure?

A

Mean arterial pressure = diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

31
Q

What is the pressure in the right atrium equal to?

A

Central venous pressure

32
Q

What are the factors that regulate right atrial pressure?

A

Ability of the heart to pump blood out of the right atrium/ventricle
Tendency of blood to flow into the right atrium

33
Q

How do you estimate left atrial pressure?

A

By using pulmonary wedge pressure

34
Q

Name the factors that increase venous return (and increase right atrial pressure)

A

Increased blood volume
Increased peripheral venous pressures due to increased large vessel tone
Dilation of arterioles

35
Q

Small arterioles control:

A

blood flow to each tissue

36
Q

What controls the diameter of arterioles?

A

Local conditions in the tissues (amount of O2, CO2, Lactic Acid)

37
Q

True or False

Arterioles are highly muscular

A

True

38
Q

Precapillary sphincter

A

Point where smooth muscle fiber encircles capillary as it originates from metarteriole

39
Q

Characteristics of Capillary Wall

A

Unicellular layer of endothelial cells

Thin basement membrane

40
Q

True or False:

True capillaries have a smooth muscle layer

A

False

True capillaries do NOT have a smooth muscle layer

41
Q

Slit pores (intercellular clefts)

A

Pores between cells of capillaries

Allow for rapid diffusion of water, water-soluble ions, and small solutes

42
Q

Plasmalemmal vesicles

A

Formed from caveolins

Play a role in endocytosis and transcytosis

43
Q

Some capillaries in certain organs have pores. Give examples of where this is found

A

liver, GI tract, Kidneys

44
Q

______ is the most important means for the exchange of substances between the blood and the interstitial fluid

A

Diffusion

45
Q

What can diffuse readily through the capillary cell membranes?

A

Lipid-soluble substances (oxygen and carbon dioxide)

46
Q

Non-lipid-soluble substances diffuse through the __________

A

intercellular pores/clefts

47
Q

Passage of substances through the interstitium is mostly via ______ rather than _____. Why?

A

Diffusion, flow

B/C of large numbers of proteoglycan filaments found in the interstitium

48
Q

______ sometimes form, allowing fluid to flow through the interstitium.

A

Rivulets

49
Q

Strarling forces

A

Determine direction of diffusion into or out of a capillary

50
Q

What are the inward starling forces?

A

Interstitial fluid forces

Capillary plasma colloid osmotic pressure

51
Q

What are the outward starling forces

A

Capillary pressure

Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure

52
Q

What is the capillary filtration coefficient and what does it take into consideration?

A

Kf

Takes into consideration the number and size of pores

53
Q

How is the slight negative pressure in the interstitial spaces created?

A

Fluid entering the lymphatics causes the lymph vessel walls to contact momentarily and pump fluid into the blood circulation K

54
Q

When does lymph flow reach a maximum?

A

When interstitial pressure rises slightly above atmospheric pressure

55
Q

Name factors that increase lymph flow (and also interstitial pressure)

A

Elevated capillary hydrostatic pressure
Decreased plasma colloid osmotic press.
Increased interstitial fluid colloid osmotic press.
Increased permeability of capillaries

Whitney - Physiology Test 2 (8 decks)

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