Lecture 10 - Antisocial Development and Aggression Flashcards
What are some of the factors that contribute to ASB?
- Lack of emotional control [Caspi et al. (1995) identified at 3, correlated with ASB at 12 and unreliability at 21]
- Tendency to judge aggressive behaviour as acceptable (Delutz, 1983)
- According to Coie and Dodge (1998): tendency to attribute hostile intentions to others, leading to peer rejection, causing them to expect hostility, priming them to behave aggressively in anticipation. Correlated with cold, harsh, autocratic and inconsistent parenting.
- Corporal punishment (Eron 1982, 1987).
What parenting styles did Bukatko and Daehler (2001) identify?
- Authoritative/democratic
- Authoritarian
- Permissive
- Unresolved
What characterises an authoritative parenting style?
- Balanced between control (guides with sensitivity) and warmth
- Parent listens to child
- Child likely to be independent, responsible and well-adjusted (secure attachment)
- Child has good self-esteem, sees authority as supportive and tends to comply with parental requests.
- Child identifies with others and isn’t afraid of trying stuff.
What characterises an authoritarian parenting style?
- Very controlling - demands obedience and respect
- Low acceptance of deviation from perceived norms
- Harsh punishment
- Child has no view or voice
- Often leads to the so-called authoritarian personality.
- Child has repressed anger, is intolerant, prejudiced and aggressive.
What characterises a permissive parenting style?
- Indulgent and permissive parents
- Seldom or never exert direction
- Little expectations or rational dialogue
- Satisfy basic needs
- Child has low self-control
- Child tends to be poor at school, aggressive, immature and irresponsible.
What characterises an unresolved parenting style?
Parent’s needs are the focus rather than the child’s.
The SIP model of aggression by Dodge (1993;2003) suggests that aggressive children have biases/deficits in:
- Encoding of cues - selective recall of hostile cues)
- Interpretation and representation (attributions) - hostile attribution bias in ambiguous situations
- Clarification of goals - more instrumental goals (dominance) = strong predictor of agg
- Response generation - fewer alternatives, more aggressive strategies
- Response evaluation/decision/selection - agg more acceptable, more confident in ability.
What did Rousseau believe?
Humans’ natural state is peaceful and non-aggressive; aggression is a by-product of society’s corrupting influence.
What did Freud believe about the origins of aggression?
Humans’ natural state is aggressive, society serves to harness or neutralise aggression. Agg can be channeled into harmless activities and vented through catharsis.
What does SLT state concerning the cause of aggression?
- Emphasises the role of learning and social context - environment shapes biological tendencies.
- Aggression is learned, based on modelling and reinforcement.
- Bandura et al. (1961; 1963) Bobo doll studies.
What did Bandura (1961) find?
Children imitate agressive acts, more when live etc. Elaborate on observed behaviour.
What did Eron (1987) find about watching violent TV?
- 8yos who liked violent programmes were rated by peers as most aggressive.
- Most agg children rated violent programmes as lifelike and liked most violent characters.
- Watching at 8 correlated with agg ratings at 19 and antisocial behaviours at 21.
- Sensitive period age 8-12 where personality formation very susceptible.
What did Stein and Friedrich (1972) find?
4yos who watched violent programmes over 4 weeks more aggressive than control over observation period.
What did Liebert and Barron (1972) find?
5-9yos who watched violent TV were subsequently more aggressive in their play.
What did Thomas et al (1977) find?
9yos who watched a violent film then a staged fight responded less emotionally, suggesting they’d been desensitised.
Does the Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis (FAH, Hovland and Sears, 1940) explain aggression?
+ Frustrated children behaved more aggressively towards a toy (Barker et al, 1941)
- Frustration doesn’t always lead to aggression:
- Mallick and McCandes (1966) found that 8yos are less aggressive toward a frustrating peer if given reason why peer failed.
- Davitz (1952) after a frustrating event, 8yos rewarded for agg beh more likely to behave aggressively.
What are some other factors influencing aggression?
- Attention seeking (Brown and Elliott, 1965)
- Parental rejection and dissatisfaction (Eron, 1982)
- Peer rejection (Dodge et al., 1990)
- (?) Gender
