Lecture 10 Flashcards
1
Q
Evolution
A
genetically based change in population properties over time
2
Q
Mutations that form new alleles
A
Point mutations, recombination
3
Q
Mutations that form new genes
A
Gene duplication, chromosome alterations, polyploidy
4
Q
Proteins
A
- Proteins are chains of amino acids
- Proteins have different structures based on amino acid composition and cell environment
- You are largely made up of proteins
- Selection often acts at this level
5
Q
Nucleotides
A
-Building blocks of DNA
6
Q
Purine v. Pyrimidine
A
- Purines have two ring structures
- Pyrimidines have one ring structures
7
Q
Transitions v. Transversions
A
- Transitions are the switching of nucleotides within the type
- Transversions are the switching of nucleotides without the type
- Transitions are more common in evolution than transversions because they maintain structural integrity better (due to similar ring structure)
8
Q
DNA
A
- DNA codes for proteins
- DNA replication occurs by separating the helix and creating complementary strands for each template
- A mismatch of complementary nucleotides leads to a point mutation
- Eukaryotic DNA is organized into chromosomes
- Histones have DNA tightly wound around them and condense the DNA into a chromosome
9
Q
Ploidy
A
Number of copies of unique chromosomes in a cell; can vary
10
Q
C-Value
A
- Measure of the amount of DNA in a cell
- Vary among organisms
- No correlations between complexity and c-value
11
Q
Transcription
A
Changing DNA to mRNA
12
Q
Translation
A
mRNA to tRNA and the building of proteins from the amino acids attached to tRNA
Uses DNA and RNA polymerases
13
Q
Gene Expression Regulated
A
Activators
Transcription factors
Repressors
14
Q
Types of Mutation
A
- Point Mutation
- Insertion
- Deletion
- Gene Duplication
- Inversion
- Chromosome fusion
- Genome duplication
15
Q
Functional Constraint
A
One constrained strand that keeps the gene functioning
