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BIO 105 > Lecture 10 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

how do Na+ ions get across the membrane?

A

Na+ ions move across a membrane by facilitated diffusion through an ion channel protein

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2
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate;

used to change the conformation of the Na+/K+ pump

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3
Q

what type of transport requires energy?

A

active transport

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4
Q

voltage

A

electrical potentail energy or a separationof opposite charges

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5
Q

plasma membrane voltage

A

polarized

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6
Q

Na+ ions moving in cause a change in voltage

A

depolarization

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7
Q

why dont Na+ ions cross all the time

A

ion channels are gated ( voltage gated channels)

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8
Q

Polarized

A

positive stays out
negative stays in
gate closed

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9
Q

depolarized

A

positive in
negative out
gate open

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10
Q

how do neurons send signals

A

ions move across membranes

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11
Q

What makes Na+ want to go from out to in

A

The Na+ concentration gradient (high to low)

Remember that the 2nd law of thermodynamics says that disorder should increase (entropy increases).

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12
Q

How do Na+ ions get across the membrane

A

Na+ ions move across a membrane by facilitated diffusion through an ion channel protein.

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13
Q

How can a neuron fire over & over without running out of Na+ or energy?

A

Without a [Na+] gradient, a neuron couldn’t fire.)

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14
Q

neuron firing

A

Sodium ion concentration gradient

Ions move across membrane when nerve fires

Ions pumped back across membrane to recharge neuron

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15
Q

when a neuron fires

A

Na+ ions move down their concentration gradient spontaneously

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16
Q

A neuron recharges when

A

Na+ ions are actively pumped against their concentration gradient

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17
Q

Fugu Poisoning

A

Tetrodotoxin is heat-stable and blocks sodium ion channels.

10-45 minutes after ingestion tingling of the tongue and inner surface of the mouth begins.

An ascending paralysis develops, and death can occur within 6-24 hours, after respiratory muscle paralysis.

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18
Q

What does the puffer fish neurotoxin tetrodotoxin inhibit?

A

Channel proteins involved in diffusion

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19
Q

Why would this lead to paralysis and death

A

Neurons can’t fire without a voltage change.

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20
Q

How do signals move from one neuron to the next?

A

Exocytosis is used to move large molecules out of a cell

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21
Q

Vesicles

A

Vesicles containing neurotransmitters move along the cytoskeleton and fuse with the plasma membrane during exocytosis

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22
Q

Release of neurotransmitters (NTs) from vesicles

A

Travel from one neuron & bind to the plasma membrane of the next

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23
Q

Acetylcholine

A

released at neuromuscular junctions

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24
Q

Norepinephrine

A

released from neurons usually to other neuron

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25
Q

Ligand-gated ion channel

A

opens/closes when a signaling chemical (its ligand) attaches,
allowing or blocking flow of specific ions

26
Q

Stimulants

A

cocain, amphetamines, caffine

27
Q

depressants

A

barbituates, valium

28
Q

toxins

A

organophosphate pesticides) – inhibit the action of acetylcholinesterase, a neurotransmitter

29
Q

Heart medications (beta blockers)

A

inhibit ephinephrine mediated sympathetic reactions

Reduce the effect of excitement on heart rate

30
Q

Drugs funciton

A

Drugs often mimic neurotransmitters (analogs).Drugs bind to NT receptors to open or block them or alter the metabolism of NTs.

31
Q

How do channel proteins, pump proteins, and neurotransmitter receptor proteins get into a cell membrane?

A

.

32
Q

Nucleus

A

stores DNA

33
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Rough ER makes membranes & secreted (secretory) proteinsSmooth ERlipid synthesis

34
Q

Ribosomes

A

in the cytoplasm read the RNA instructions & synthesize proteins (manufacturing plants)

35
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

protein modification and sorting

36
Q

The secretory pathway

A
  1. Protein is put into RER as ribosome makes it
  2. Vesicle buds off RER with protein cargo and delivers it to Golgi where the proteins are modified
  3. Vesicle buds off Golgi with protein cargo
  4. Vesicle fuses to plasma membrane
    Secreted proteins are released by exocytosis
    Membrane bound proteins become part of the cell membrane
37
Q

The cytoskeleton

A 
interior framework of the cell
A dense network of protein fibers that 
1.  Supports the shape of the cell
2.  Anchors organelles
3.  Used in vesicle transport
38
Q

Which of the following choices best describes the route of a Na+ channel protein from its production to its final destination in the membrane?

A

. Rough ER, transport vesicles, Golgi, transport vesicles, cell membrane

39
Q

How does a transport vesicle move from the cell body to the nerve terminal?

A

Along the cytoskeleton

40
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Acetylcholine is important in the brain, and at synapses between motor neurons and muscle cells.

Acetylcholine excites skeletal muscles.
Acetylcholine slows down the heart.

41
Q

Toxins released by black widow spider venom cause an explosive release of acetylcholine from neurons. These toxins cause paralysis by…

A

Triggering increased exocytosis of the transport vesicles containing acetylcholine.

42
Q

In contrast, toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum (botulism toxin) block the release of acetylcholine from neurons. These toxins work by…

A

Inhibiting exocytosis of the transport vesicles containing acetylcholine.

43
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A protein that catalyzes reactions

44
Q

activation E

A

energy required to contort molecules so bonds will break

45
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

release energy;delta G is negative

46
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

require energy;delta G is positive

47
Q

what lowers activation energy

A

Enzymes

48
Q

what kind of energy is ATP

A

Potential

49
Q

Activation energy vs. coupled reactions

A

Coupled reactions harness energy from an exothermic reaction to drive an endothermic reaction.

Activation energy is the energy required to get any reaction, exothermic or endothermic, to proceed.

50
Q

Inhibitors

A

Enzymes are not always on.Inhibitors lower the activity (turning off).

51
Q

Amino acid side chains in the center of a cytoplasmic protein will typically be

A

non-polar

52
Q

The fatty acid tails on a phospholipid are

A

non-polar

53
Q

What types of amino acids would you expect to find on the outside of a membrane protein?

A

non-polar

54
Q

Na+ is a charged ion. What types of amino acids would you expect to find lining the channel it passes through?

A

polar uncharged and polar charged

55
Q

Channel proteins

A

selective pores in the membrane; amino acids lining ht echannel only allow one type of ion through

56
Q

Although animal cells are always hyperosmotic to fresh water, the [Na+] in an animal cell is about the same as the [Na+] in fresh water. The scud could avoid too much osmosis of water into its cells by

A

Pumping out Na+ ions by active transport

57
Q

The plant can adapt to a hypotonic solution because its cell walls

A

Prevent the cell membrane from swelling until it bursts

58
Q

Tay-Sachs Disease

A

Genetic disorder in which children become mentally retarded and suffer damage to their central nervous system.

Caused by a mutation in the lysosomal enzyme hexosaminidase which breaks down lipids called gangliosides in neurons.

59
Q

Lysosomes

A

are organelles that break down molecules = recycling center

60
Q

The enzyme hexosaminidase normally breaks down lipids called gangliosides found in the membranes of neurons.

A

smooth ER

61
Q

The enzyme hexosaminidase normally breaks down lipids called gangliosides found in the membranes of neurons. What would happen to the levels of gangliosides in the neurons of children with Tay Sachs disease?

A

Gangliosides would increase

BIO 105 (5 decks)

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