Lecture 10/2/24 Flashcards
Ganglion
Know the four major divisions of the brain
Medulla Oblongata. What are their subdivisions?
Afferent
Affecti
Efferent
Motion
Test: ANdy is vommiting violently. What brain region in the hindbrain is involved in the symptoms?
Metencephallon. What are the two sections?
Cerebellum & Pons
What is involved in the pons?
It controls sleep and arousal. This part of the brain needs to be shut down during sleep.
What are the sections of the midbrain?
The tectum & the tegmentum.
What is Substantia nigra important for?
Very important for dopamine production.
How many dopaminergic pathways?
Four. 1. Mesocortical. 2. Mesolimbic 3. Mesostriatal
Memorize the cranial nerves
Dopamine is involved in what?
Movement.
What two types of skill symptoms are affected with Parkinson’s disease?
Non-motor skills & Motor skills
Serotonin is involved with what?
Mood, arousal, behavior, anxiety, food.
What is the raphe system?
Cell bodies for serotonergic producing neurons that are involved in mood, sexual behavior, anxiety, and sleep.
Mesencephalon Tegmentum contains the Locus Coerulus. What is produced there?
Norepinephrine.
What is a fact to know about the cerebellum?
The cerebellum is not a part of the brain stem.
What is reticular formation responsible for?
Too much alcohol affects this area of the brain.
What are the two sections of the forebrain?
The epithalamus & the thalamus.
The thalamus is the major relay station.
It is the major relay center for sensory & motor signals. Most things will cross through this region.
What does the hypothalamus control?
The pituitary gland.
What is in the telencephalon?
The limbic system.
What is the hippocampus responsible for?
The main function is to create and store memories.
What is in the basal ganglia?
The cerebral cortex is the most ——- part of the brain?
This is the most complex part of the brain. Here, you can see that there are different layers and different types of cells embedded in the layers. Responsible for—. Different layers have different functions
What are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex?
Frontal lobe. Temporal lobe. Parietal lobe. Occipital lobe.
A sulci is a small?
A small groove.
What can you find in the parietal lobe?
Spatial perception. We need to be aware of where objects are.
What can you find in the temporal lobe?
Places for auditory information
What is the Wernicke’s area?
Impairment of comprehension like speaking.
What is the Broca’s area involved in?
Speech.
What is the blood brain barrier?
The endothelial cells that make up the blood that prevent most chemicals from passing into the brain.
Astrocytes work together with blood to create what?
A brain barrier.
What are two places that protect the CNS?
The bone & meninges.
What are the four parts of the meninges?
The dura matter. The arachnoid matter. The subarachnoid space. The pia mater.
What is the route of the four parts of the meninges?
Dura mater – arachnoid membrane– subarachnoid space - pia mater – nervous system tissue.
Cerebrospinal fluid is manufactured by?
The choroid plexus.
What are two disorders of the CSF?
Hydrocephalus & meningitis.
Hydrocephalus involves blockage of the what?
Cerebral aquiduct.
Neurotransmitters must meet several criteria. What are they?
- Synthesized inside of the neuron
- Have to present at the presynaptic terminal
- Have to be released as a result of action potential
- Has to have specific receptors and causes a change in the postsynaptic cell
- Inactivated
How many chemicals can a neurotransmitter emit?
One
What is required for synthesis in the soma?
An enzyme.
Small molecules can only use a what?
An enzyme
Neuropeptides can only use a what?
Excitatory is to?
Glutamate
Inhibitory is to?
Gamma-amino butyric acid ( GABA)
What are two types of monoamines? ( Know the difference)
How is acetycholine synthesized?
Need to know for test.
What is the rate limiting step, what is the precursor, what enzyme is involved in the precursor? KNow the details for each neurotransmitter.
For every neurotransmitter, know the precursor, the enzyme involved, the rate limiting step, and the primary
What are the two receptors of acetylcholine?
Nicotn
Know the difference between ionotropic and metabotropic.
The biggest function of acetylcholine is what?
Muscle contractions.
Acetylcholine in the nervous system is involved in what?
Learning & memory.
Decreasing acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction will cause what?
Paralysis.
Where does synthesis of glutamate occur?
In the presynsaptic termianl.
Overactivation of cells leads to what?
Cell death.
Glutamate ionotropic receptors
NMDA, AMPA, Kainate
What is the function of glutamate?
It is released to excite ( stimulate) other neurons - main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system ( EPSPs.)
Blocking the NMDA receptor blocks what?
It blocks memory.
Glutamate is converted into GABA by what?
GAD
GABA binds to two main receptors. What are they?
GABA
How many binding sites do receptors have?
Every receptor has many binding sites.
What is the function of GABA?
It is released to suppress ( inhibit) the activity of other neurons. It is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system ( IPSPs.)
Epileptic seizures are a result of a lack of what?
GABA.
When benzodiazepine drugs bind to the GAB a) receptor, it potentiates the effect of what?
GABA. Benzodiazepines result in anxiolytic effects
Shakiness ( tremors), stiffness, and slowed down movements are a part of what disease? What happens to cells that produce dopamine?
Parkinson’s disease. They die.
Haloperidol that is used to treate Schizophrenia blocks what receptors?
Dopamine 2 receptors.
The forced swim test evaluates what?
Evaluates and screens antidepressant effects.
The elevated plus maze
Assesses anxiety-related behavior in rodents.
Histamine has to be metabolized by two enzymes. What are they?
Adenosine is generated by?
It is a byproduct of breaking down energy. It is not a classical neurotransmitter.
