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the back > lecture 1 (week 9) > Flashcards

lecture 1 (week 9) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the breakdown of the number of vertebrae in each region of the vertebral column?

A

7 in Cervical; 12 thoracic; 5 Lubar; 5 Sacral (fused to 1); Coccygeal 3 or 4 fused to 1 or 2

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2
Q

which regions of the vertebral column arise from primary curvature based on spinal curvature in utero and concave anteriorly (kyphosis)?

A

the thoracic and sacral regions

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3
Q

which regions of the vertebral column have secondary curvature and conch posteriorly (lordosis) and arise form when the child starts to lift its head and stands to walk?

A

the cervical and lumbar regions

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4
Q

what parts of the vertebrae fuse to form the spine?

A

the laminae

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5
Q

what is the vertebral foramen?

A

the hole in the vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes.

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6
Q

what are the articular facets?

A

parts of the vertebrae which articulate with other vertebrae, dictating which movements are allowed in a particular region (superior/inferior)

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7
Q

what is the pedicle of a vertebrae?

A

the part of the vertebrae which joins the vertebral body to the transverse process (side of vertebral foramen)

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8
Q

why is the vertebral body of a cervical vertebrae so small and short in A-P diameter (longer lateral diameter)?

A

because at this point the vertebral column doesn’t need to support much weight

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9
Q

why is the vertebral foramen so large (and triangular) in the cervical vertebrae?

A

because the spinal cord is much thicker at this point as it supplies the upper limbs from this region.

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10
Q

what are the uncinate processes in the cervical spine?

A

at the lateral edges of the vertebral body, form synovial joints between vertebrae and can cause arthritis.

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11
Q

what is the foramen transversium in the Cervical region?

A

a hole in the transverse process which allows the vertebral artery access.

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12
Q

what is the greatest movement in the cervical region?

A

flexion, with some lateral flexion. (atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial movements give greater degree of movement)

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13
Q

which direction are the articular facets facing in the cervical vertebrae?

A

flat (nearly horizontal) and primarily facing superiorly and inferiorly

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14
Q

what size is the vertebral foramen in the thoracic region and why?

A

small and circular because the spinal cord is narrower here.

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15
Q

what is the shape of the body of the vertebrae in the thoracic region?

A

the body is heart shaped and has a longer A-P diameter and shorter lateral diameter.

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16
Q

why is the spine of the thoracic vertebrae so long (it can overlap with 2 vertebrae)?

A

for protection and to restrict movement

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17
Q

what is the shape and direction of facing of the superior articular facets in the thoracic region?

A

directed primarily posteriorly and slightly laterally. (both superior and anterior articular facets located on an arc which allows rotation)

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18
Q

what are the costal demi-facets in the thoracic region of the spine?

A

upper for articulation with head of own rib and lower with rib below

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19
Q

what are the features of the transverse process in the thoracic region of the vertebral column?

A

long and with a facet for articulation with the tubercle of its own rib

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20
Q

what is the shape of the body of the vertebrae in the lumbar region?

A

it is larger, to support the extra weight and is longer in the lateral diameter and shorter in the A-P diameter

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21
Q

what size is the vertebral foramen in the lumbar region and why?

A

small and triangular because the spinal cord ends in this region (usually at L2)

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22
Q

what is the main movement which occurs at the thoracic region?

A

rotation

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23
Q

what is the main movement tat occurs in the lumbar region?

A

extension, flexion and some lateral flexion but no rotation.

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24
Q

what are the ‘wings’ of the sacrum?

A

the ala

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25
Q

what are the three crest of the sacrum from central lateral?

A

median, intermediate (or medial) and lateral

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26
Q

what is the inferior hole in the sacrum called?

A

the sacral hiatus (anaesthesia)

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27
Q

what is the shape of the superior articular facets of the atlas that articulate with the occipital condyles?

A

concave oval to reciprocate with the occipital condyles (which concave)

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28
Q

what is the greatest movement which occurs at the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

flexion and extension

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29
Q

what number is the axis?

A

C2

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30
Q

what is the odontoid process?

A

superior, anterior part of the axis which sticks up and articulates with the anterior arch of the atlas to allow rotation.

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31
Q

what are the shape of the superior articular facets of the axis?

A

flat and circular to reciprocate with the inferior facets of the atlas.

32
Q

what is the greatest movement which occurs at the atlanto-axial joint?

A

rotation

33
Q

what is the name of the synovial joints between the facets posteriorly and what features of synovial joints do they have?

A

zygapophyseal facet joints - synovial with fibrous capsule and supportive ligaments. (NB arthritic bone from this synovial joint can press on the spinal nerves which emerge from the intervertebral foramen just anterior to the joint

34
Q

what type of cartilage makes up the intervertebral discs?

A

fibrocartilage (joints made of fibrocartilage are called symphysis or secondary cartilaginous joint)

35
Q

how much of the length f the vertebral column is composed of the intervertebral discs?

A

20-25%

36
Q

what is the fibrosis of concentric lamellae of fibrocartilage on the intervertebral discs called?

A

the anulus

37
Q

what is the centre of the intervertebral discs called and what is its function?

A

the nucleus pulpous, draws in water, semi-fluid, tense and resilient but flexible

38
Q

what happens when the annulus fibrosis degenerates and weakens?

A

the nucleus may herniate or prolapse to compress the spinal cord or the caudal equine or an emerging spinal nerve (NB usually spinal nerves as the posterior ligament prevents the IV discs from pressing on the spinal cord or caudal equine.

39
Q

what would be the most likely nerves to be affected if the L4 disc prolapsed?

A

the L5 and below nerves would be affected as the L4 nerve emerges above the L4 disc.

40
Q

what are the structural features of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

is a thick, broad band attached to vertebral bodies AND discs. Passes from the occipital bone all the way to the sacrum

41
Q

what are the structural features of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

lies anteriorly to the spinal cord. narrow band, attached mainly to IV discs. Passes from C2 to sacrum. resists hyper-flexion.

42
Q

what are the ligamenta flava?

A

the strong, elastic bands of varying thickness between the vertebral laminae. left and right may fuse together in midline (NB lumbar puncture) Very elastic - have a lot of elastic fibres. limit sudden flexion.

43
Q

which ligaments pass between the transverse processes?

A

the intertransverse ligaments

44
Q

which ligaments pass between the tips of the spines?

A

the supraspinous ligaments (thick cords between tips of spines, from sacrum to C7, above this it continues as the ligaments nuchae)

45
Q

what is the name of the thin membrane between all spines?

A

the interspinous ligaments

46
Q

what is the purpose of the Ligamentum Nuchae and where does it extend from?

A

limits flexion, provides muscle attachment. Flat sheet, supports head. Extends from external occipital protuberance down to C7.

47
Q

what does the posterior longitudinal ligament extend to become past the axis, atlas and occipital bone of the skull?

A

the tectorial membrane.

48
Q

what does the anterior longitudinal ligament extend to become past the axis, atlas and occipital bones?

A

the anterior atlanto-axial and atlanto-occipital membranes.

49
Q

what does the ligamentum flavum continue as past the axis, atlas and occipital bones?

A

the posterior atlanto-axial and atlanto-occipital membranes

50
Q

what is the foramen magnum?

A

the hole in the skull through which the brain stem emerges. Occipital bone surrounds it to articulate with the atlas.

51
Q

what are the alar ligaments?

A

extend from either side of odontoid peg to the foramen magnum to prevent excessive rotation.

52
Q

what are the three regions of the cruciate ligament from top to bottom?

A

the superior longitudinal band, transverse ligament and inferior longitudinal band.

53
Q

what is the purpose of the longitudinal bands of the cruciate ligament?

A

to bind together and prevent excessive movement between the axis, atlas and occipital bones.

54
Q

what is the purpose of the transverse section of the cruciate ligament?

A

spans the lateral masses of the atlas and holds its anterior arch closer to the odontoid peg.

55
Q

where do the anastomic ring of arteries which supply each vertebrae arise from in the cervical region?

A

from vertebral arteries branched from the aorta

56
Q

where do the anatomic ring of arteries which supply the thoracic region arise from?

A

intercostal arteries branched from the aorta

57
Q

where do the anatomic ring of arteries which supply the lumbar region arise from?

A

the lumbar branches of the aorta

58
Q

where do the basivertebral (veins which supply the body of the vertebrae) veins emerge?

A

between the vertebral body and posterior longitudinal ligament)

59
Q

where is the internal vertebral venous plexus?

A

inside the vertebral cana, supplying the epidural space and meninges.

60
Q

where is the external vertebral venous plexus?

A

outside the vertebral canal posteriorly. (NB with venous plexuses facilitate tumour spread)

61
Q

what are the superficial layer muscles in the back?

A

the latissimus dorsi, trapezius, and levator scapulae, rhomboid minor and major (from top to bottom).

62
Q

where does the trapezius emerge from and what are its main purposes?

A

attaches to the ligaments nuchae and spines of C7 to T12, to scapula and clavicle. Extends neck, braces (retracts) shoulders, upper fibres elevate (rotate) shoulders in abduction, lower fibres depress.

63
Q

where does the latissimus dorsi emerge from and what are its main purposes?

A

emerges from the iliac crest, fascia, spines T6 to T12, lower ribs, to humerus; shoulder extension and adduction.

64
Q

what are the intrinsic muscles of the back?

A

the deeper layer of muscles that keep the vertebral column upright and in extension against gravity.

65
Q

what are the two superficial muscles of the intrinsic back muscles?

A

the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis

66
Q

which muscle is more superior: capitis or cervicis?

A

capitis

67
Q

what is the proximal attachment of the splenius muscles?

A

the nuchal ligament and the spinous processes of C7-T6 vertebrae.

68
Q

what is the distal attachment of the splenius muscles?

A

capitis: mastoid process of temporal bone of the skull and occipital bone.
cervicis: tubercles of transverse processes of C1-C3 or C4 vertebrae.

69
Q

what is the main action of the splenius muscles acting alone?

A

to rotate and laterally flex head and neck

70
Q

what is the main action of the splenius muscles together?

A

to extend the head and neck

71
Q

what is the intermediate layer of the intrinsic back muscles?

A

the erector spinae muscles

72
Q

what are the 3 columns of erector spinae muscles from lateral to medial?

A

iliocostalis; longissimus; spinalis

73
Q

what is the main action of the erector spinae muscles together?

A

extension

74
Q

what is the main action of the erector spinae muscles alone?

A

lateral flexion

75
Q

what is the deepest layer of intrinsic muscles of the back?

A

the transversospinalis

76
Q

what are the main abdominal wall muscles called which are crucial for movement and support of the vertebral column?

A

the rectus and obliques

the back (4 decks)

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