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Chemistry for Biologists > Lecture 1. Thermodynamics and Spontaneity > Flashcards

Lecture 1. Thermodynamics and Spontaneity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics ?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed only converted from one form to another. Energy is conserved

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2
Q

What is the equation for the first law of thermodynamics ?

A 
dU = dq + dW
Energy = Heat Transfer + Work Done
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3
Q

What information is the first law of thermodynamics missing ?

A

The spontaneity of physical and chemical transformations

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4
Q

What happens when a change occurs in an isolated system ?

A

The total energy of an isolated system remains constant but is parceled out in different ways

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5
Q

What is the direction of a change in an isolated system related to ?

A

The distribution of energy

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6
Q

What are spontaneous changes always accompanied by ?

A

A dispersal of energy or matter

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7
Q

What is a spontaneous process ?

A

A process which occurs without outside intervention

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8
Q

What direction do spontaneous processes occur in ?

A

One direction only

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9
Q

What is a non-spontaneous process ?

A

Requires energy to drive it forward

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10
Q

Is a spontaneous process energy dependent ?

A

No

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11
Q

What does thermodynamics tell us about and omit ?

A

The direction in which a process will occur but can say nothing about the speed or rate of the process

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12
Q

What speed may a spontaneous process be ?

A

Fast or slow

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13
Q

What is a very slow spontaneous process ?

A

Oxidation of glucose

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14
Q

What is entropy ?

A

A measure of spontaneous dispersal of energy

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15
Q

What is entropy measured at ?

A

A specific temperature

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16
Q

What does the first law of thermodynamics use to identify permissible changes ?

A

U or Energy

17
Q

What does the second law of thermodynamics use entropy or S to identify ?

A

Spontaneous changes among permissible changes

18
Q

What does the second law of thermodynamics state ?

A

A spontaneous process is one that results in an increase in the entropy of the universe which corresponds to the energy being dispersed in the process

19
Q

What is the equation for dS or entropy ?

A 
dS = dqrev/ T
Entropy = Heat/Temperature
20
Q

What is the equation for the change in entropy ?

A

Delta S = Integral (Heat/Temperature)

21
Q

What is the equation for the entropy of a universe (Second law of thermodynamics)

A

Delta S total = Delta S sys + Delta S surr > 0

22
Q

What are biological systems inherently organised and tend towards ?

A

A state of stability

23
Q

What is gibbs energy ?

A

The energy that is truly free to do work

24
Q

What is the equation of the change in gibbs energy ?

A

Delta G = Delta H - T(delta S)

25
Q

What is another definition for gibbs energy ?

A

The energy available having adjusted for the entropy changes of the surroundings

26
Q

How can a reduction in the change of entropy be rationalized ?

A
  1. The reaction goes from the higher-entropy gas molecule to lower-entropy liquid
  2. The reaction reduces the relative number of species present
27
Q

What must gibbs energy be for a reaction to be spontaneous at constant temperature and pressure ?

A

Less than zero

28
Q

Products must have a lower what than reactants ?

A

Gibbs energy

29
Q

What happens when the gibbs energy is less than zero ?

A

Energy is transferred from the system to surroundings

30
Q

What is the reaction called when gibbs energy is less than zero ?

A

Exergonic

31
Q

What is reaction called when gibbs energy is greater than zero ?

A

Endergonic

32
Q

What type of reaction is photosynthesis ?

A

Endergonic

33
Q

Is photosynthesis a spontaneous reaction ?

A

No - it requires energy

34
Q

What are the two groups of metabolic reactions ?

A
  1. Catabolic Reactions

2. Anabolic Reactions

35
Q

What is a catabolic reaction ?

A

Exergonic (spontaneous) reactions that break down high energy compounds into simpler molecules

36
Q

What is an anabolic reaction ?

A

Build up more complicated molecules from simpler subunits. Most of these reactions are endergonic

Chemistry for Biologists (8 decks)

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